龔 平,康 健,馮 薇,劉莎莎
(大連醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院急診科,遼寧大連 116011)
胸阻抗法無(wú)創(chuàng)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)監(jiān)測(cè)指導(dǎo)心肺復(fù)蘇后血管活性藥物的應(yīng)用
龔 平,康 健,馮 薇,劉莎莎
(大連醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院急診科,遼寧大連 116011)
目的 評(píng)估胸阻抗法無(wú)創(chuàng)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)的監(jiān)測(cè)在心肺復(fù)蘇后血管活性藥物應(yīng)用中的指導(dǎo)作用。方法 選取心搏驟停后自主循環(huán)恢復(fù)的患者13例,隨機(jī)分為實(shí)驗(yàn)組(n=7)及對(duì)照組(n=6)。實(shí)驗(yàn)組根據(jù)胸阻抗法測(cè)定的CO值來(lái)指導(dǎo)血管活性藥物的應(yīng)用,對(duì)照組根據(jù)外周血壓的變化按常規(guī)方法調(diào)整血管活性藥物的應(yīng)用。入院后(院外心搏驟停)或自主循環(huán)恢復(fù)后(院內(nèi)心搏驟停)1、6、12、24、48和72 h監(jiān)測(cè)心率、上肢動(dòng)脈血壓、指尖血氧飽和度和血?dú)夥治?胸阻抗法檢測(cè)CO和CI;檢測(cè)0 h和6 h動(dòng)脈血乳酸并計(jì)算6 h乳酸清除率;72 h后進(jìn)行GLS評(píng)分;觀察28天存活率。結(jié)果 兩組患者在各時(shí)間點(diǎn)的心率、血壓、指尖血氧飽和度和動(dòng)脈血氧分壓的差異無(wú)顯著性意義;實(shí)驗(yàn)組在6、12、24、48及72 h的CO和CI均高于對(duì)照組(均P<0.05);實(shí)驗(yàn)組6 h乳酸清除率和72 h的GLS均高于對(duì)照組(均P<0.05);兩組患者的28天存活率差異無(wú)顯著性意義。結(jié)論 胸阻抗法無(wú)創(chuàng)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)的監(jiān)測(cè)可以用于指導(dǎo)心肺復(fù)蘇中血管活性藥物的應(yīng)用。
胸阻抗法;無(wú)創(chuàng)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)監(jiān)測(cè);心肺復(fù)蘇;血管活性藥物
心肺復(fù)蘇(cardiopulmonary resuscitation,CPR)患者自主循環(huán)恢復(fù)后(return of spontaneous circulation,ROSC)只有5% ~7%幸存出院[1],存活后患者可遺留不同程度的腦和心功能障礙[2],約有1/3的患者最終死于多臟器功能不全[3]。ROSC后由于心功能障礙,患者血壓降低。血管活性藥物(多巴胺等)作用于全身血管,可增加心輸出量,改善心、腦等重要臟器的血供。長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)臨床上主要依靠患者外周血壓的變化來(lái)指導(dǎo)血管活性藥物的應(yīng)用。胸阻抗法(thoracic electrical bioimpedance,TEB)無(wú)創(chuàng)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)監(jiān)測(cè)是一種無(wú)創(chuàng)、方便快捷的臨床血流動(dòng)力學(xué)監(jiān)測(cè)方法,是以阻抗微分心動(dòng)圖(impedance differential cardiogram,ICG)為基礎(chǔ)實(shí)現(xiàn)的,被稱為ICG監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)[4]。本研究擬評(píng)估ICG對(duì)ROSC患者治療過(guò)程中血管活性藥物應(yīng)用的指導(dǎo)作用。
選擇2011年3月—2012年12月于大連醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院急診科ICU就診的ROSC患者13例,其中男8例,女5例。13例患者均診斷心搏驟停,其中冠心病12例,電擊傷1例,院外心搏驟停者9例,院內(nèi)心搏驟停者4例,且ROSC后存活均超過(guò)72 h。心搏驟停的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)參照內(nèi)科學(xué)第7版[5]。CPR操作參照2010年美國(guó)心臟協(xié)會(huì)心肺復(fù)蘇及心血管急救指南[6]。
將入選病例隨機(jī)分為實(shí)驗(yàn)組(n=7)和對(duì)照組(n=6)。其中,在實(shí)驗(yàn)組中院外心搏驟停者5例,院內(nèi)心搏驟停者2例;在對(duì)照組中院外心搏驟停者4例,院內(nèi)心搏驟停者2例。兩組患者均應(yīng)用心電監(jiān)護(hù)儀(惠普公司M1205A,美國(guó))持續(xù)監(jiān)測(cè)心率、血壓、指尖氧飽和度。兩組病例在性別、年齡、體重方面差異無(wú)顯著性意義。兩組患者在各時(shí)間點(diǎn),心率、指尖氧飽和度、血壓和動(dòng)脈血氧分壓的差異無(wú)顯著性意義。入院后(院外心搏驟停)或自主循環(huán)恢復(fù)后(院內(nèi)心搏驟停)1、6、12、24、48 和 72 h,用 ICG(Cardio Dynamics,美國(guó))胸阻抗法檢測(cè)CO和CI;留取動(dòng)脈血,用全自動(dòng)血?dú)夥治鰞x(GEM Premier 3000,Insterumentation Laboratory Co,美國(guó))行床旁血?dú)夥治?用全自動(dòng)血?dú)夥治鰞x檢測(cè)0 h和6 h乳酸(LAC)值,計(jì)算6 h乳酸清除率;72 h后進(jìn)行GLS評(píng)分;觀察28天存活率。實(shí)驗(yàn)組及對(duì)照組均采用靜脈微量泵持續(xù)泵入多巴胺,實(shí)驗(yàn)組根據(jù)CO值調(diào)整并盡量減少多巴胺的泵入速度和使用時(shí)間,并保持CO在2.5~4.0 L/min,且收縮壓 90 ~140 mmHg;對(duì)照組根據(jù)測(cè)定外周血壓的變化調(diào)整多巴胺的應(yīng)用,使收縮壓為90~140 mmHg。
采用SPSS 16.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行分析,計(jì)量資料以mean±SD表示,采用Repeated-measures ANOVA比較各時(shí)間點(diǎn)之間的差異,多重比較采用Bonferroni法;在每個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)的兩組之間的差異采用t檢驗(yàn);性別比較及28天存活率比較采用Fish精確概率法。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
實(shí)驗(yàn)組多巴胺的用量及使用時(shí)間均少于對(duì)照組,分別為(480±53)mg vs(540±67)mg,(8.3±1.2)h vs(10.2±3.1)h,P 均 <0.05。實(shí)驗(yàn)組 ROSC 后24 h內(nèi)的液體入量少于對(duì)照組,為(2080±174)mL vs(2544±189)mL,P <0.05。1 h實(shí)驗(yàn)組及對(duì)照組之間的CO和CI差異無(wú)顯著性意義(表1);6、12、24、48及72 h實(shí)驗(yàn)組CO和CI計(jì)分均高于對(duì)照組(P均<0.05,表1)。實(shí)驗(yàn)組的6 h乳酸清除率和72 h的GLS均高于對(duì)照組(均P<0.05,表2)。實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者的28天存活率高于對(duì)照組[57.1%(4/7)vs 50.0%(3/6)],但其差異無(wú)顯著性意義。
表1 實(shí)驗(yàn)組及對(duì)照組的血流動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)Tab 1 Hemodynamic parameters in the experimental and control groups (mean±SD)
表2 實(shí)驗(yàn)組及對(duì)照組的6 h乳酸清除率及72 h GLS評(píng)分Tab 2 The 6-hour lactate clearance and 72 h GLS in the experimental and control groups (mean±SD)
本實(shí)驗(yàn)分別通過(guò)監(jiān)測(cè)ICG及外周血壓的變化來(lái)調(diào)整心搏驟停的患者ROSC后應(yīng)用多巴胺的劑量和使用時(shí)間,結(jié)果我們發(fā)現(xiàn)ICG的監(jiān)測(cè)在指導(dǎo)ROSC后血管活性藥物應(yīng)用的效果更好。
心搏驟停的患者在ROSC后存在心功能障礙[7]。血管活性藥物有維持血壓,保證各組織器官血供及氧供的作用,在心肺復(fù)蘇后高級(jí)生命支持治療中有重要的意義。多巴胺是腎上腺素和去甲腎上腺素的自然前體,它在不同的藥物劑量下產(chǎn)生不同的藥理作用[8]。不恰當(dāng)?shù)慕o藥時(shí)間及劑量反而會(huì)增加心臟的后負(fù)荷,增加心臟做功,導(dǎo)致受損心肌細(xì)胞無(wú)法恢復(fù),最終影響心功能的恢復(fù)[8]。以往,在臨床上大多根據(jù)外周血壓來(lái)調(diào)整血管活性藥物的使用,但是外周血壓因在反映血管系統(tǒng)功能上有滯后性,故不能夠及時(shí)地反映心血管系統(tǒng)的整體情況,尤其是心功能。胸阻抗法無(wú)創(chuàng)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)監(jiān)測(cè)因其無(wú)創(chuàng)、使用方便且快捷,近年來(lái)在臨床上常用于床旁監(jiān)測(cè)危重患者的血流動(dòng)力學(xué)指標(biāo),尤其是CO和CI。本實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)入院后(院外心搏驟停)或自主循環(huán)恢復(fù)后(院內(nèi)心搏驟停)的CO和CI均下降;給予多巴胺后,血壓和CO、CI均升高。本研究在保證實(shí)驗(yàn)組血壓并兼顧C(jī)O的情況下調(diào)整多巴胺的使用,結(jié)果實(shí)驗(yàn)組的CO和CI均明顯高于對(duì)照組,6 h乳酸清除率和72 h的GLS也均高于對(duì)照組,但是多巴胺的用量及使用時(shí)間均少于對(duì)照組;尤其是在實(shí)驗(yàn)組ROSC后24 h內(nèi)的液體入量較對(duì)照組顯著減少。這提示實(shí)驗(yàn)組經(jīng)ICG監(jiān)測(cè)來(lái)指導(dǎo)血管活性藥物應(yīng)用,在合理使用多巴胺并盡量減少液體入量(目的是減輕CPR后的心臟負(fù)擔(dān))基礎(chǔ)上可以顯著改善心排血量、心臟泵血功能。這樣盡可能減少輸液量以減輕心臟負(fù)荷,并增加CO的措施可以增加外周組織器官,尤其是心臟本身的供血量,促進(jìn)各器官缺血缺氧損傷的恢復(fù),改善神經(jīng)功能預(yù)后;尤其是減少了多巴胺的用量和使用時(shí)間,從而有可能降低由多巴胺引起的許多副作用。因此,采用ICG監(jiān)測(cè)CO并以此為靶向來(lái)指導(dǎo)血管活性藥物的應(yīng)用可能具有重要的臨床意義。
但由于ICG數(shù)據(jù)采集的準(zhǔn)確性受患者的活動(dòng)、心率(不能超過(guò)250次/min)、胸骨切開(kāi)、主動(dòng)脈關(guān)閉不全、過(guò)度肥胖以及浮腫程度等諸多因素的影響,故如何在不同情況及治療中應(yīng)用ICG來(lái)指導(dǎo)臨床搶救仍需大樣本數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)一步研究與分析。
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Non-invasive hemodynamic monitoring by thoracic impedance method guides the application of vasoactive drugs in patients after cardiopulmonary resuscitation
GONG Ping,KANG Jian,F(xiàn)ENG Wei,LIU Sha -sha
(Department of Emergency,the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University,Dalian116011,China)
[Abstract]ObjectiveTo assess the effect of non-invasive hemodynamic monitoring by thoracic impedance method on guiding the application of vasoactive drugs in patients after cardiopulmonary resuscitation.MethodsThirteen patients after return of spontaneous circulation(ROSC)were randomly divided into experimental(n=7)and control(n=6)groups.In the experimental group,the application of vasoactive drugs was adjusted according to the cardiac output(CO)values obtained using thoracic impedance method.In the control group,the application of vasoactive drugs was adjusted according to changes of peripheral arterial blood pressure.At 1,6,12,24,48 or 72 h after admission to hospital(out-of-hospital cardiac arrest)or after ROSC(in-hospital cardiac arrest),heart rate,upper limb arterial pressure,fingertip pulse blood oxygen saturation and arterial blood gas were measured,and CO and cardiac index(CI)were measured using thoracic impedance method.Arterial lactate levels at 0 h and 6 h were measured and 6-hour lactate clearance was calculated.At 72 h Glasgow Coma Score(GLS)was evaluated.Twenty eight- day survival rate was observed.ResultsHeart rate,upper limb arterial pressure,fingertip pulse blood oxygen saturation and arterial partial pressure of oxygen did not differ significantly between the two groups at each time point.The values of CO and CI at 6,12,24,48 or 72 h were higher in the experimental group than those in the control group(allP<0.05).The 6-hour lactate clearance and 72 h GLS were higher in the experimental group than those in the control group(allP<0.05).There was no significant difference in 28-day survival rate between the two groups.ConclusionNon-invasive hemodynamic monitoring by thoracic impedance method can guide the application of vasoactive drugs in patients after cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
[Key words]thoracic impedance method;non-invasive hemodynamic monitoring;cardiopulmonary resuscitation;vasoactive drugs
R459.7
A
1671-7295(2013)05-0455-03
龔平,康健,馮薇,等.胸阻抗法無(wú)創(chuàng)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)監(jiān)測(cè)指導(dǎo)心肺復(fù)蘇后血管活性藥物的應(yīng)用[J].大連醫(yī)科大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2013,35(5):455 -457.
10.11724/jdmu.2013.05.11
遼寧省自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(2013B004);大連醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院“科技英才計(jì)劃”項(xiàng)目(2013)
龔 平(1974-),男,河南固始人,副主任醫(yī)師,碩士生導(dǎo)師。E-mail:gongp828@sina.cn
康健,主任醫(yī)師,碩士生導(dǎo)師。E-mail:kangjian2014@sina.com
2013-08-13;
2013-09-17)