古 瑜 韓啟厚 于海龍 夏俊峰 劉惠靜 岳 欣 郎 朗
(天津科潤(rùn)蔬菜研究所,天津 300384)
“種子處理和正確施藥時(shí)間對(duì)菜豆炭疽病的防治效果”論文評(píng)述
古 瑜 韓啟厚 于海龍 夏俊峰 劉惠靜 岳 欣 郎 朗
(天津科潤(rùn)蔬菜研究所,天津 300384)
本文對(duì)加拿大圭爾夫大學(xué)Gillard C L 教授等于2012年在Crop Protection上發(fā)表的一篇題為“種子處理和正確施藥時(shí)間對(duì)菜豆炭疽病的防治效果”的研究論文(The control of dry bean anthracnose through seed treatment and the correct application timing of foliar fungicides)進(jìn)行了評(píng)述。Gillard教授等以播種前殺菌劑處理種子的方法為對(duì)照,設(shè)計(jì)了幾個(gè)施藥時(shí)間點(diǎn),探討了菜豆生長(zhǎng)過程中正確的施藥時(shí)間點(diǎn),即尋找作物與病菌相互作用、病情發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵時(shí)間點(diǎn)。旨在延續(xù)并提高化學(xué)殺菌劑對(duì)炭疽病菌的防治效果,提高菜豆產(chǎn)量和質(zhì)量,節(jié)省種植者的投入,并有效地保護(hù)環(huán)境。文章內(nèi)容新穎,可操作性強(qiáng),對(duì)生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐有指導(dǎo)意義。希望通過介紹該論文的試驗(yàn)內(nèi)容和所取得的成果,為國(guó)內(nèi)同行在菜豆炭疽病防治方面提供參考。
菜豆;炭疽??;精準(zhǔn)施藥法
Gillard等在Crop Protection〔2012,37:81-90〕上發(fā)表了一篇題為“種子處理和正確施藥時(shí)間對(duì)菜豆炭疽病的防治效果”的研究論文(The control of dry bean anthracnose through seed treatment and the correct application timing of foliar fungicides)。文中Gillard教授等為找到菜豆(Phaseolus vulgarisL. )生長(zhǎng)周期中病菌與寄主相互作用的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期,進(jìn)行有針對(duì)性的化學(xué)防治,設(shè)計(jì)了幾個(gè)施藥時(shí)間點(diǎn),通過試驗(yàn)總結(jié)出精準(zhǔn)施藥法,即全生育期只在3個(gè)關(guān)鍵時(shí)期進(jìn)行藥劑防治,便可達(dá)到高效防治炭疽病的效果,并可提高商品豆莢的產(chǎn)量和質(zhì)量,節(jié)省農(nóng)藥使用量60%~70%,還可有效地保護(hù)環(huán)境,可謂一舉數(shù)得。該方法是針對(duì)粒用菜豆炭疽病進(jìn)行的試驗(yàn),由于引起菜豆炭疽病的病原菌與莢用菜豆相同,因此對(duì)莢用菜豆也具有一定的借鑒作用。
據(jù)報(bào)道,菜豆炭疽病的傳播途徑主要是種子帶菌(Tu,1981)。因此,普遍認(rèn)為在生產(chǎn)中除了 使用抗病品種外,利用殺菌劑處理種子或嚴(yán)格控制環(huán)境條件可有效防治該病的發(fā)生(Tu,1988;Pastor-Corrales & Tu,1989)。有研究顯示,在環(huán)境條件適宜炭疽病發(fā)生時(shí),經(jīng)過種子處理的菜豆比未經(jīng)處理的菜豆炭疽病發(fā)病率明顯降低(Tu,1983;Conner et al.,2009)。種子處理對(duì)輕度和中度炭疽病有效果,但對(duì)重度炭疽病效果不顯著(Tu,1988)。在大豆生產(chǎn)中,使用甲霜靈+吡唑嘧菌酯或咯菌啨+精甲霜靈處理帶菌土壤對(duì)大豆的產(chǎn)量有明顯提高(Bradley,2008)。在加拿大,菜豆種子處理主要使用二嗪農(nóng)+克菌丹+甲基托布津(Tu,1996)。但是,引起菜豆炭疽病的病原菌生理小種變異非常快,抗病品種對(duì)新生理小種失去抗性,病原菌對(duì)殺菌劑產(chǎn)生抗藥性,類似現(xiàn)象在許多菜豆種植區(qū)不同程度出現(xiàn)。因此,為了在菜豆生產(chǎn)中減少損失,選用抗病品種同時(shí)進(jìn)行種子處理非常必要。
該論文以播種前殺菌劑處理菜豆種子的方法為對(duì)照,設(shè)計(jì)了幾個(gè)施藥時(shí)間點(diǎn),旨在尋找菜豆全生育期中正確的施藥時(shí)間點(diǎn),即作物與病菌相互作用、發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期。目的是延續(xù)并提高化學(xué)殺菌劑對(duì)炭疽病菌的防治效果,提高菜豆的產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì),節(jié)省種植者的投入,有效保護(hù)環(huán)境。
以粒用菜豆為試材,四葉一心期人工接種病原菌。人工噴藥時(shí)期設(shè)4個(gè):四葉一心期、始花期、全花期和全花期后10 d。試驗(yàn)采用完全隨機(jī)區(qū)組設(shè)計(jì),共設(shè)17個(gè)處理(表1),4次重復(fù)。其中種子處理設(shè)為2個(gè),分別為6%二嗪農(nóng)+18%克菌丹+14%甲基托布津197.6 g·hm-2和3.8 g精甲霜靈+2.5 g咯菌啨(用藥量對(duì)應(yīng)每公頃用種量的拌藥量);生長(zhǎng)期噴藥時(shí)間點(diǎn)處理設(shè)7個(gè),分別為四葉一心期、始花期、全花期、全花期后10 d、四葉一心期+全花期、始花期+全花期、始花期+全花期后10 d。以種子處理為對(duì)照。
表1 具體試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)
試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,菜豆種子帶病斑和適合發(fā)病的環(huán)境條件均對(duì)后期植株炭疽病的發(fā)生和發(fā)展起促進(jìn)作用。而種子處理可以針對(duì)帶病斑種子,以殺滅病原菌;全生育期關(guān)鍵時(shí)期施用殺菌劑,可有效防治環(huán)境條件引起的炭疽病的發(fā)生和發(fā)展。處理6和處理5,即種子采用6%二嗪農(nóng)+18%克菌丹+14%甲基托布津197.6 g·hm-2進(jìn)行處理,始花期+全花期或四葉一心期+全花期2次噴施殺菌劑,防治菜豆炭疽病效果最佳。說明種子處理與正確時(shí)間點(diǎn)殺菌劑聯(lián)合使用對(duì)控制炭疽病的發(fā)生和提高菜豆產(chǎn)量十分重要。
目前,我國(guó)蔬菜種植過程中存在一些問題,使得病害發(fā)生比較頻繁。例如,連作逐漸導(dǎo)致土壤結(jié)構(gòu)惡化,土壤和周圍環(huán)境中病原菌殘留等,直接影響到下茬蔬菜的生產(chǎn),極易造成病害爆發(fā)。此外,種子生產(chǎn)管理粗放,種子帶菌比率升高?,F(xiàn)在蔬菜整個(gè)生育期基本上離不開農(nóng)藥,農(nóng)藥使用量呈逐漸上升的趨勢(shì)。這不僅使農(nóng)民的生產(chǎn)成本提高,對(duì)環(huán)境造成破壞,而且蔬菜上殘留的農(nóng)藥對(duì)人體也會(huì)造成極大的危害。通過對(duì)Gillard等的精準(zhǔn)施藥法的介紹,對(duì)蔬菜病害的化學(xué)防治有了新的認(rèn)識(shí):如將此經(jīng)驗(yàn)擴(kuò)大應(yīng)用到其他病害的防治上,只要找到病原菌與寄主植物之間相互作用的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn),并在此關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)加以防治,就可以起到事半功倍的防治效果,但這還需要不斷探索求證。
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Comment on Paper “The Control of Dry Bean Anthracnose through Seed Treatment and The Correct Application Timing of Foliar Fungicides”
GU Yu,HAN Qi-hou,YU Hai-long,XIA Jun-feng,LIU Hui-jing,YUE Xin,LANG Lang
(Tianjin Kernal Vegetable Research Institute,Tianjin 300384,China)
This article coments on the paper published in《Crop Protection》by Prof. Gillard C L from Guelph University,Canada,and named “The control of dry bean anthracnose through seed treatment and the correct application timing of foliar fungicides”.Taking chemical fungicides to treat seed before sowing as contrast,Prof.Gillard C L designed several fungicides application times,so as to find out the interactions between crop and harmful bacteria,and disease development time points,aiming at postpone and improve the controlling effect of pesticides on anthracnose,to increase dry bean(Phaseolus vulgarisL. )yield and quality,to save farmers investment,and to protect the environment.The content of the paper is new and unique with good maneuverability and guidance significance on production practise.We wish to provide for domestic colleagues more references on concepts about controlling anthracnose through the introduction of the paper test contents and achievements.
Bean;Anthracnose;Accurate chemical pesticides application time
S643.1
A
1000-6346(2013)08-0001-03
2012-11-07;接受日期:2013-02-01
天津市應(yīng)用基礎(chǔ)與前沿技術(shù)研究計(jì)劃重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目(10JCZDJC18100),天津市經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)開發(fā)區(qū)企業(yè)博士后工作站科潤(rùn)公司分站專項(xiàng)
古瑜,女,副研究員,專業(yè)方向:蔬菜遺傳育種,E-mail:guyu-bohang@163.com