• <tr id="yyy80"></tr>
  • <sup id="yyy80"></sup>
  • <tfoot id="yyy80"><noscript id="yyy80"></noscript></tfoot>
  • 99热精品在线国产_美女午夜性视频免费_国产精品国产高清国产av_av欧美777_自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇_亚洲熟女精品中文字幕_www日本黄色视频网_国产精品野战在线观看 ?

    CRACKS IN THE GREEN WALL

    2013-08-02 03:58:43BYOLIM
    漢語世界 2013年4期
    關(guān)鍵詞:潮白河滑翔傘三北

    BY K A I T L I N S OL IM I N E

    CRACKS IN THE GREEN WALL

    BY K A I T L I N S OL IM I N E

    SANDSTORMS

    Desertification threatens to engulf northern China

    “三北防護林”真的可以成為北方的“綠色長城”嗎?

    It’s a typical spring scene in Beijing; northerly winds rattle windows, dust smatters roof tops, cars, and pedestrians. Walk outside and you’re bombarded with tiny sand particles that cling to your eyes and crunch between your teeth.

    For centuries in northern China, these annual sandstorms, called the Yellow Dragon, have been ripping through the city. Experience just one and you’ll know why. They roar through the city, upending construction sites and raining yellow sand on everything in their path. The largest storms can be seen from space as huge brown plumes moving from northwest China and Mongolia to blanket much of northeast Asia.

    A 2005 paper in the journal Nature noted that between the fourth century and 1949, northeastern China saw a dust storm on average every 31 years. After 1990, the study reports, the average jumped to one per year. Nowadays, the average rate of dust storms for the Beijing region in northeastern China can be upwards of five or six a year.

    UNDERLYING SUCH A MASSIVE LONG-TERM AND NATIONWIDE PROGRAM IS THE IDEA THAT HUMANKIND CAN SHAPE AND CONTROL NATURE, A PHILOSOPHY POSSIBLY STEMMING FROM MAO-ERA POLICIES

    Desertification in China is a growing problem and is the cause of the increased frequency of storms. According to a 2006 report filed by the China National Committee for the Implementation of the United Nation’s Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), the area prone to desertification in China is 3.317 million square kilometers large, accounting for 34.6 percent of total territory.

    In 1978, with such an expanse of Chinese land either naturally desert or prone to desertification, the Chinese government established a formal campaign to address such threats.

    Their cure-all solution? The Green Wall of China, also known as the Three-North Forest Shelterbelt Program (三北防護林體系工程 Sān-Běi fánghùlín tǐxì gōngchéng). It’s a 3000-mile tree belt stretching from far western Xinjiang to Heilongjiang in the northeast. According to University of Hawaii Professor of Geography Hong Jiang, the program aims to establish 35.6 million hectares of protective forests over a swath of 2,783 miles in northeast, north, and northwest China. The program is slated to take 73 years (finishing in 2050) and raise forest coverage in northern China from five to 15 percent. Others cite goals of upwards of 42 percent forest coverage.

    The UNCCD reported in 2006 that the government’s intermediate objective within 10 years is to keep 20 million hectares of desertified land under control, establish 1.2 million hectares of the shelterbelt system, and enclose 11 million hectares of sandy land for forest and grassland regeneration.

    Underlying such a massive long-term and nationwide program is the idea that humankind can shape and control nature, a philosophy possibly stemming from Mao-era policies. As early as 1940, Mao gave a speech at the inaugural meeting of the Natural Science Research Society of the Border Region, discussing his ideas about the relationship of man and nature. He said, “For the purpose of attaining freedom in the world of nature, man must use natural science to understand, conquer, and change nature and thus attain freedom from nature.”

    China’s history of programs to “conquer nature” have hitherto included cloud seeding prior to the Olympic Games and widespread dam projects, such as the controversial Three Gorges Dam. It could be said that the Green Wall of China forms the backbone of a pervasive philosophy that humankind is more powerful than nature.

    But, there are cracks in the wall.

    The logistics of the Green Wall have required massive mobilization of local officials and villagers. Most of the areas impacted by the program are rural, often asking farmers or ranchers to turn their attention to re-envisioning both the local environment and their livelihoods. There are stipulations in these areas for locals to participate in a number of tree planting days each year, according to Professor Jiang.

    Furthermore, the program’s widespread tree planting campaigns typically allot only one or two species of tree to an area. Professor Jiang wrote in a 2009 Epoch Times article, “In Ningxia, for example, 70 percent of the trees planted were poplar and willow. In 2000, one billion poplar trees were lost to a disease (Anoplophora), wiping out 20 years of planting efforts.” At the same time, there has been an emphasis on creating fenced-in grassland for livestock pastures, especially in areas of Inner Mongolia previously open to nomadic ethnic Mongolians.

    While the campaign sounds like a necessary one, the nuances of transforming such vast areas of habitat are much more complicated. For one, Professor Jiang notes that theproject is not an anti-desertification or reforestation program as much as one of “afforestation”. Forests are not being grown in places they once proliferated, but rather in long-barren regions. Because of this, many planted forests do not survive due to the fact they don’t receive sufficient rainfall or maintain suitable soil conditions.

    The use of single species as well as crowded planting complicates the survival of the forests. According to a World Resource Institute Report, of the 53,000 hectares of trees planted in Gansu’s Minqin area in the last few decades, a quarter of the seedlings have died and the rest are dwarf trees, lacking any capacity to protect the soil.

    Due to the increasing inefficiencies of the program, Chinese scientists are voicing their concerns about the headstrong pursuit of the Three-North Forest Shelterbelt program.

    In recent decades, the most vocal critic has been prominent ecologist Jiang Gaoming from the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

    “Planting trees in arid and semi-arid land violates [ecological] principles,”Jiang said to reporters of Chinese Flowers News. He called the goal of raising forest cover to 15 percent in northern China a “fairytale”.

    Similarly, as early as 2003, scientists Zhang Lixiao and Song Yuqin of Beijing University’s Department of Environmental Sciences wrote a paper on the inefficiencies of the Three-North Forest Shelterbelt Program. They noted the program has not achieved its stated defensive purpose and that it must be reexamined in light of new water demands, population pressures, ecological principles, and market rules.

    Professor Jiang of the University of Hawaii echoes these concerns. In her research in Inner Mongolia in the early 2000s, she spoke with a local government leader who complained that despite the great effort his county made, the planting area had to be covered twice due to failing forests—and they still couldn’t make national quotas. He blamed the weather and the lazy locals.

    Dead willow seedlings on the Ordos Plateau in Inner Mongolia

    A QUARTER OF THE SEEDLINGS HAVE DIED AND THE REST ARE DWARF TREES, LACKING ANY CAPACITY TO PROTECT THE SOIL

    But Professor Jiang disagrees with him. She says, “I was thinking it should be human beings cooperating with the climate, rather than the other way around.”

    The larger picture of desertification in China is impacted by shrinking water tables (said to reach “dire” levels in 30 years), a lack of arable land, population growth, and record-level water and air pollution. In areas like Inner Mongolia, the expansive environmental engineering of the Green Wall has dramatically upended a traditionally nomadic lifestyle by fencing in pastures.

    Dan Dong, a Ph.D. student in Geography and Geographic Information Science at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, conducted fieldwork on desertification of Inner Mongolia’s grasslands. Dong believes scientists are doing what they can to provide answers to the desertification issues, but more practical plans are needed.“These plans should be based on scientific experiments, should be suitable to the local situation, and should reflect the opinions of community members,” Dong says.“We need to import new ideas and thoughts, learn from successful cases, and ground the plans according to more advanced scientific technology, instead of just using old methods.”

    What, therefore, is the solution to the desertification crisis? How can China’s Great Green Wall be amended to address the new and unanticipated climate concerns of the modern era? In general, Professor Jiang believes the government is currently in the mode of merely responding to environmental crises rather than preventing them. Such large-scale and publicized events like air pollution force the government into action. Such a model, says Jiang, shows the possibilities for addressing urban industrial environmental pollution but doesn’t properly address environmental concerns in rural areas, including the overdrawing of ground water and the tremendous human effort placed on tree planting campaigns.

    Despite such calls for amended action, the government’s plan is still to plant more trees, a simplistic method that, according to scientists like Jiang Gaoming and Professor Jiang, will not cure the country’s desertification problems.

    Ph.D. student Dong believes part of the issue stems from a lack of education. “People must know that our environment is getting worse, and we need to protect it and improve it,” Dong says. “I think there are many people who don’t even know this, and that’s very sad.”

    Professor Jiang agrees. “It works rhetorically to help urban people think the government is doing something, but ecology is a very complicated issue that requires more than one simple method that can treat all ills,” she says. “The Great Green Wall still generates a lot of positive buzz in all of China. But a lot of subtleties are not discussed. I think if they were discussed, people would be able to understand it easily. After all, it’s not rocket science.”

    Despite some successful plantings, the Great Green Wall is failing to keep out the desert

    SUCH LARGE-SCALE AND PUBLICIZED EVENTS LIKE AIR POLLUTION FORCE THE GOVERNMENT INTO ACTION

    Zhao Meiyuan is silent. His tanned, weathered face points upwards to the sky, brows knit in concentration. He is concerned with one thing: wind speed on the outskirts of Beijing in Chaobaihe (潮白河), one and a half hour drive outside the Fourth Ring Road. No more than six meters per second is the rule, so today is a go.

    Zhao Meiyuan, or Dollar Zhao as he is known in English, is the founder and chief coach at Super-Wing Paragliding Club (大羽滑翔傘俱樂部 Dàyǔ Huáxiángsǎn Jùlèbù) in Beijing. For each day of flying, he or his coaches go through the checklist of safety measures to ensure that paragliders, or pilots, are not exposed to more risk than one would expect hundreds of meters above the ground attached to a parachute.

    Wind speed, check. Temperature, not more than a 12 degrees Celsius difference in a single day, check. Equipment, check.

    When the coaches give the go-ahead, everyone heads for Chaobaihe.

    Once there, Hebe Hua waits for her turn to practice raising the parachute vertically under Zhao’s tutelage. She wears a floppy, black fisherman’s hat and army fatigues that are a couple of sizes too large, but she has a big smile on her face. In her mid-twenties, the advertising agency employee is the characteristically overstressed, young urban worker.

    “Normal life is too boring and work pressure is very heavy,” says Hua with a sigh. “That’s why we like these extreme sports, it excites us, and makes life more fun,” she says, brightening up.“I’m really looking forward to the next course.”

    Flying or dreams of flying do not just appeal to the stereotypically athletic, young adrenaline junkies. In China, pilots come from far-flung corners of the demographic chart—from yuppie CEOs to 60-year-old grandparents. Though, interestingly, Zhao thinks that this will be the sport of choice for women in the future. He believes that this is because of the social pressure young Chinese men face to save money in order to support their families or future families.

    “If the girls have some money, it is easy for them to spend this on travel or learning a new skill like paragliding,”he says. “The boys may have to face the pressure of buying a house, mortgage pressure, etc.”

    And you certainly need money for this type of hobby.

    Zhao’s beginner course costs 8,000 RMB and purchasing your own equipment will set you back about 26,000 RMB. Because there are no paragliding certification requirements or licenses, it is absolutely essential that new pilots train with professionals before attempting to fly.

    Liao Yu is a prime example of such spending power. The early-thirties consultant started taking paragliding lessons in 2011 and travels around the world with her equipment, seeking hernext adventure. “I take it with me so I can paraglide when I travel. I bought portable equipment that only weighs 14 kilograms, so it’s easy to carry,” she says, clearly proud of her set.

    Dollar Zhao testing the speed and direction of the wind so he can get his students in the air

    “I spent this weekend in Linzhou, Henan Province, which is a good place for paragliding, but, for the past year and a half, I’ve flown not only in China, but also in Turkey, France and Spain.”

    Not everyone has had such an easy time getting off the ground. For many, flying is just a dream. This was true of 63 year-old Chen Tieguang who chased his dream for decades until his first flight on his 50th birthday.

    Chen’s parents were founding members of the Chinese Air Force, so, as a little boy, Chen grew up dreaming of taking to the sky.

    Despite the unstable economic environment in China in the 60s and 70s, Chen was also able to enter the Chinese Air Force. “I entered into the Air Force but not as a pilot. I was an engineer on the ground, servicing bombers for nearly 17 years,” he says. Fate put him torturously close to reaching his dreams but unable to fulfil them. “I wanted to fly, but there was no chance. And after I left the Air Force, I was too busy with a new job.”

    “THIRTY PERCENT OF THE RISKS ARE NOT CONTROLLABLE, AND YOU CAN NOT PREDICT UNFORESEEN CIRCUMSTANCES”

    After five decades of waiting, he finally got his chance. “My first flight was in 1999, in Mang Mountain, in the Beijing Ming Tombs Scenic Area, Changping District, where many people used to practice in the late 1990s. Then, the sky was already filled with parachutes,” he remembers fondly.“That day, in the morning, I trained on the ground for two hours in the afternoon. Then, I tried the small-hill flight, and I finally flew into the sky. The next day, I flew up to 530 meters. From then on, I never tired of flying,” he said excitedly.

    But paragliding, like other extreme sports, is not without its risks. Pilots have to maneuver their parachutes using lines, harnesses and brakes, as well as use thermal air currents to launch themselves higher and lower.

    Hebe Hua at her third training session, looking forward to finally taking to the sky

    Essentials also include reserve parachutes, carabiners, helmets, speedsystems, radios and GPS systems. Additionally, pilots must wear warm, comfortable and wind-resistant clothing along with sunscreen and lip balm to protect them from the elements.

    And what about accidents? Technology, Zhao says, can reduce the chances of accidents, but there is still risk involved.“For all the risk factors, we can only really control about 70 percent of it,”he says. “Thirty percent of the risks are not controllable, and you can not predict unforeseen circumstances.”

    That, however, shouldn’t stop anyone from trying paragliding. It certainly didn’t stop 63-year-old Chen. He has had a few close calls himself. His first accident hit on January 28, 2000, and he remembers it vividly. In Maoming, located in the Guangdong Province, he injured his waist badly trying to maneuver around a series of cliffs. But after the accident, Chen was up and flying again in three months.

    "THE PARACHUTE DESCENDED QUICKLY, SLAMMING ME INTO A LARGE PINE TREE"

    After three training courses, these students are mastering the art guiding their chutes on the ground

    His more serious accident occurred in October 2009 in Beijing’s Mang Mountain. “I just took off and was not too high, still rising, when I noticed there was something wrong with the parachute,” he recalled. “I thought that it would be okay, that—ificontinued to adjust it—the parachute would return to its normal state, so I didn’t use the reserve parachute to escape. But soon, the parachute descended quickly, slamming me into a large pine tree. My right elbow rammed into something hard and it dangled limply. At that point, I thought my elbow was dislocated. I was upside down in a tree, about two to three meters from the ground when I fainted.” He stops to take a breath. “When I woke up, I was in the hospital. My friends had taken me there. The diagnosis was that the bones in my right elbow were smashed into tiny pieces.”

    After surgery and a few months of rest, Chen was out in his parachute again. He took four months to recover and was 59 years old when the accident occurred.

    Chen, apparently, is in good company with this passion. Today, there are a few thousand para-practitioners in the country, and Beijing is where you can find the most, a few hundred according to Zhao’s estimates.

    However, factors specific to Beijing threaten the city’s rank as the top spot in the sport’s future.

    “It is affected by political factors, such the government’s two big meetings, the National People’s Congress (NPC) and the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) held every March. During the two meetings,there is a flight ban, so basically flying is prohibited in March,” Zhao says.

    Also, China, in general, takes a tough stance on unauthorized flying all together, and pilots caught flying without an official permit may face criminal detention. In September 2011, 39 commercial flights were disrupted in Shanghai’s two airports by paragliders carrying nine people. A day before the Shanghai incidents, a powered parachute was reported to have intruded into the airspace of Jiangsu Province’s Nantong Xingdong Airport, forcing a flight to be diverted to Shanghai.

    Apart from that, the city’s weather also leaves a lot to be desired. “The winter lasts three to four months,”Zhao explains. “It’s very cold and inconvenient for flying.” Average temperatures from December to February are well below zero degrees Celsius and can dip to as low as -20 degrees on the ground, and it’s much colder zipping through the air, 600 meters off the ground.

    Other regions in China have the upper hand with less political constraints and cooperative weather conditions, such as Sichuan Province or Zhejiang Province. Their winters are shorter and flying can be enjoyed throughout the year.

    But, the weather is no bar for Beijing’s paragliding-addicts. “If you can endure the chilly weather, you can fly. But it means that you really have an addiction ( tflying),”Zhao said laughing, but he stopped to smile with pride. “Sometimes I fly in the winter.”

    “The development of the aviation industry always progressed with the death of pioneers who tested the performance of new parachutes,”Zhao says. “If the average person only notices one-side—the danger, the accidents—I do not know how to persuade them to change their ideas.”

    Chen wholeheartedly agrees. “My two accidents won’t stop me from flying, but I will be more careful in the future.” For him, and others who love to take to the sky, it’s much more than a hobby. “Sometimes, when I fly in the sky and if the weather is very fresh and clean, I feel I’m swimming in a deep ocean. It’s deeply emotionally and mentally relaxing.”

    One of Beijing's high-flying para-enthusiasts soaring on the winds of the capital

    猜你喜歡
    潮白河滑翔傘三北
    去劉家峽玩滑翔傘
    幼兒100(2024年13期)2024-04-24 08:37:12
    我的三北
    城鎮(zhèn)河岸帶植物色彩對視覺疲勞的影響
    三北工程要作出新的更大的貢獻
    綠色中國(2019年19期)2019-11-26 07:13:16
    三北工程:將沙海變成林海
    綠色中國(2019年19期)2019-11-26 07:13:14
    三北防護林與植樹造林
    京沈高鐵潮白河特大橋連續(xù)梁合龍
    流域下墊面變化對潮白河密云水庫上游徑流影響分析
    空中滑翔大比拼(下)——滑翔傘
    亚洲av免费高清在线观看| 99视频精品全部免费 在线| 日韩人妻高清精品专区| 免费不卡的大黄色大毛片视频在线观看 | 亚洲综合色惰| 日韩av在线大香蕉| 老司机福利观看| 日韩成人伦理影院| 国内少妇人妻偷人精品xxx网站| 久久久久久久久大av| 69av精品久久久久久| 最近的中文字幕免费完整| 精品久久久噜噜| 亚洲经典国产精华液单| 亚洲国产精品sss在线观看| 一边亲一边摸免费视频| 亚洲四区av| 亚洲国产精品国产精品| 国产欧美日韩精品一区二区| 欧美潮喷喷水| 亚洲在线观看片| 欧美xxxx性猛交bbbb| 天美传媒精品一区二区| 男女国产视频网站| 久久久久久大精品| 欧美一区二区国产精品久久精品| 亚洲精品国产成人久久av| 乱人视频在线观看| 国产一区二区亚洲精品在线观看| 久久久精品94久久精品| 国产视频首页在线观看| 99在线人妻在线中文字幕| 国产精品日韩av在线免费观看| 国产亚洲最大av| 99九九线精品视频在线观看视频| 麻豆乱淫一区二区| 在线播放无遮挡| 成人毛片a级毛片在线播放| 亚洲av男天堂| 99久久精品国产国产毛片| 99久久人妻综合| 欧美激情久久久久久爽电影| 精品国产三级普通话版| 性插视频无遮挡在线免费观看| 婷婷色av中文字幕| 午夜福利网站1000一区二区三区| av国产免费在线观看| 国产精品女同一区二区软件| 国产精品伦人一区二区| 看免费成人av毛片| 菩萨蛮人人尽说江南好唐韦庄 | 久久久精品大字幕| 中文字幕av成人在线电影| 长腿黑丝高跟| 少妇人妻精品综合一区二区| 波多野结衣巨乳人妻| 22中文网久久字幕| 淫秽高清视频在线观看| 国产视频内射| 精品酒店卫生间| 少妇被粗大猛烈的视频| 国模一区二区三区四区视频| 欧美一级a爱片免费观看看| 永久网站在线| 男女国产视频网站| 青春草国产在线视频| 欧美高清成人免费视频www| 亚洲精品自拍成人| 免费观看性生交大片5| 嘟嘟电影网在线观看| 国产伦一二天堂av在线观看| 中文欧美无线码| 深爱激情五月婷婷| 国产久久久一区二区三区| 免费av不卡在线播放| 久久99热这里只有精品18| 成人无遮挡网站| 中文字幕人妻熟人妻熟丝袜美| 老司机影院毛片| 美女国产视频在线观看| 成人性生交大片免费视频hd| 久久亚洲国产成人精品v| av在线观看视频网站免费| 一级二级三级毛片免费看| 韩国高清视频一区二区三区| 成人特级av手机在线观看| 国产麻豆成人av免费视频| 欧美变态另类bdsm刘玥| 精品人妻视频免费看| 日本av手机在线免费观看| 午夜福利成人在线免费观看| 国产熟女欧美一区二区| 男女边吃奶边做爰视频| 如何舔出高潮| 国产精品久久久久久久电影| 国产亚洲最大av| 久久99热6这里只有精品| 伦精品一区二区三区| 国产真实伦视频高清在线观看| 久久精品影院6| 国语对白做爰xxxⅹ性视频网站| 尤物成人国产欧美一区二区三区| 边亲边吃奶的免费视频| 午夜亚洲福利在线播放| 亚洲久久久久久中文字幕| 日日摸夜夜添夜夜添av毛片| 自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇| 精品免费久久久久久久清纯| 国产 一区 欧美 日韩| 国产一级毛片七仙女欲春2| 国产亚洲91精品色在线| 久久精品久久久久久久性| 伊人久久精品亚洲午夜| 丰满人妻一区二区三区视频av| 男人和女人高潮做爰伦理| 联通29元200g的流量卡| 亚洲精品亚洲一区二区| 99国产精品一区二区蜜桃av| 国产成人精品一,二区| 亚洲av日韩在线播放| 麻豆国产97在线/欧美| 少妇熟女欧美另类| 波野结衣二区三区在线| 亚洲欧洲日产国产| 久久草成人影院| 看十八女毛片水多多多| 亚洲18禁久久av| 国产精品美女特级片免费视频播放器| 搞女人的毛片| 美女黄网站色视频| 熟女人妻精品中文字幕| 国产伦理片在线播放av一区| 久久这里只有精品中国| 99在线视频只有这里精品首页| 看片在线看免费视频| 蜜臀久久99精品久久宅男| 观看美女的网站| 欧美成人午夜免费资源| 日韩欧美 国产精品| 精品久久久久久久久av| 午夜精品国产一区二区电影 | 亚洲精品乱码久久久v下载方式| 精品不卡国产一区二区三区| 97在线视频观看| 欧美丝袜亚洲另类| 亚洲av二区三区四区| 亚洲av.av天堂| 简卡轻食公司| 99久久九九国产精品国产免费| 美女黄网站色视频| 国产亚洲一区二区精品| 国产精品.久久久| 丰满人妻一区二区三区视频av| 午夜爱爱视频在线播放| 欧美日韩国产亚洲二区| www.色视频.com| 精品欧美国产一区二区三| 亚洲丝袜综合中文字幕| eeuss影院久久| 亚洲精品国产av成人精品| 成人欧美大片| 国内揄拍国产精品人妻在线| 99久久精品国产国产毛片| 午夜久久久久精精品| 色综合色国产| av播播在线观看一区| 七月丁香在线播放| 变态另类丝袜制服| 97在线视频观看| av在线天堂中文字幕| 男插女下体视频免费在线播放| 久久精品久久久久久久性| 免费搜索国产男女视频| 国产美女午夜福利| 久久精品国产亚洲av天美| 国产伦一二天堂av在线观看| 日韩一本色道免费dvd| 亚洲自偷自拍三级| 久久6这里有精品| 超碰97精品在线观看| 日韩一区二区视频免费看| 国产免费福利视频在线观看| 欧美激情在线99| 久久久久久久亚洲中文字幕| 婷婷色综合大香蕉| 人妻少妇偷人精品九色| 国产精品.久久久| 国产成人精品婷婷| 桃色一区二区三区在线观看| 欧美三级亚洲精品| 久久精品久久精品一区二区三区| 国产淫语在线视频| 男人舔女人下体高潮全视频| 秋霞在线观看毛片| 你懂的网址亚洲精品在线观看 | 亚洲欧美日韩东京热| 久久久久久久久大av| 狂野欧美白嫩少妇大欣赏| 伦理电影大哥的女人| 国产精品一区二区三区四区久久| 国产一级毛片在线| 久久精品熟女亚洲av麻豆精品 | 国产伦精品一区二区三区视频9| 日韩亚洲欧美综合| 岛国毛片在线播放| 亚洲av电影在线观看一区二区三区 | 韩国高清视频一区二区三区| 亚洲av日韩在线播放| 国产黄色小视频在线观看| 国产亚洲av片在线观看秒播厂 | 91久久精品国产一区二区成人| 亚洲在线自拍视频| 精品国产三级普通话版| 久久久久性生活片| 久久这里只有精品中国| 午夜爱爱视频在线播放| 国产精品久久久久久久电影| 欧美zozozo另类| 国产探花在线观看一区二区| 99久久精品热视频| 国产精品伦人一区二区| 国产三级中文精品| 男人和女人高潮做爰伦理| 日韩,欧美,国产一区二区三区 | 国产伦一二天堂av在线观看| 国产亚洲午夜精品一区二区久久 | 国产视频内射| 99九九线精品视频在线观看视频| 尤物成人国产欧美一区二区三区| 2022亚洲国产成人精品| 欧美成人a在线观看| 日韩一区二区视频免费看| 校园人妻丝袜中文字幕| av专区在线播放| 草草在线视频免费看| 国产成人aa在线观看| h日本视频在线播放| 综合色av麻豆| 亚洲国产精品久久男人天堂| 熟女电影av网| 亚洲精品色激情综合| 少妇的逼好多水| 国产精品嫩草影院av在线观看| 久久99热6这里只有精品| 亚洲av电影不卡..在线观看| 国产精品人妻久久久久久| 婷婷色麻豆天堂久久 | 国产免费又黄又爽又色| av.在线天堂| 国产高清视频在线观看网站| 亚洲最大成人手机在线| 国产乱人偷精品视频| 精品酒店卫生间| 国产精品av视频在线免费观看| 国产69精品久久久久777片| 日韩一区二区视频免费看| av在线蜜桃| 国产精品一区二区三区四区久久| 亚洲最大成人手机在线| 久久久久国产网址| 色吧在线观看| 最近2019中文字幕mv第一页| 在线a可以看的网站| av在线天堂中文字幕| 欧美一级a爱片免费观看看| 少妇丰满av| 久久精品国产亚洲网站| 精品人妻偷拍中文字幕| 日本欧美国产在线视频| 在线观看66精品国产| 免费看美女性在线毛片视频| 久久久久久久久中文| 免费不卡的大黄色大毛片视频在线观看 | 亚洲人成网站在线播| 婷婷色麻豆天堂久久 | 久久99精品国语久久久| 国产黄色视频一区二区在线观看 | 韩国av在线不卡| 国产极品精品免费视频能看的| 亚洲av熟女| 亚洲丝袜综合中文字幕| 国产成人91sexporn| 久久精品国产99精品国产亚洲性色| 亚洲电影在线观看av| 亚洲欧美日韩卡通动漫| 精品少妇黑人巨大在线播放 | 亚洲欧美日韩东京热| 成人特级av手机在线观看| 十八禁国产超污无遮挡网站| 国产一区二区在线观看日韩| 久久精品国产99精品国产亚洲性色| 中文字幕av成人在线电影| 美女cb高潮喷水在线观看| 少妇高潮的动态图| av在线天堂中文字幕| 成人欧美大片| 日本猛色少妇xxxxx猛交久久| 国产在视频线在精品| eeuss影院久久| 久久99热6这里只有精品| 成人毛片a级毛片在线播放| 一区二区三区乱码不卡18| 少妇熟女aⅴ在线视频| 听说在线观看完整版免费高清| 国产免费又黄又爽又色| 亚洲自偷自拍三级| 成人美女网站在线观看视频| 色综合亚洲欧美另类图片| 老司机福利观看| 亚洲乱码一区二区免费版| 成人性生交大片免费视频hd| 成人毛片a级毛片在线播放| 午夜福利视频1000在线观看| 插逼视频在线观看| 国模一区二区三区四区视频| 国产高清不卡午夜福利| videossex国产| 国产精品国产高清国产av| 亚洲av一区综合| 欧美高清成人免费视频www| 国产成人福利小说| 可以在线观看毛片的网站| 黑人高潮一二区| 直男gayav资源| 最新中文字幕久久久久| 亚洲美女搞黄在线观看| 久久这里只有精品中国| av线在线观看网站| 亚洲欧美日韩卡通动漫| 日韩,欧美,国产一区二区三区 | 最近中文字幕2019免费版| 日日干狠狠操夜夜爽| 欧美变态另类bdsm刘玥| 日韩强制内射视频| kizo精华| 国产精品精品国产色婷婷| 日韩一区二区视频免费看| 亚洲av成人av| 国产色婷婷99| 国产亚洲91精品色在线| 亚洲丝袜综合中文字幕| 国国产精品蜜臀av免费| 久久久欧美国产精品| 亚洲内射少妇av| 国产色婷婷99| 亚洲欧洲日产国产| 男女啪啪激烈高潮av片| 最近的中文字幕免费完整| 成人毛片a级毛片在线播放| 好男人在线观看高清免费视频| 在线天堂最新版资源| 国模一区二区三区四区视频| 精品国产露脸久久av麻豆 | 一级毛片aaaaaa免费看小| 国产高清视频在线观看网站| 精品国内亚洲2022精品成人| 国产亚洲午夜精品一区二区久久 | 精品久久久久久久久久久久久| 国内揄拍国产精品人妻在线| 别揉我奶头 嗯啊视频| 午夜a级毛片| 欧美另类亚洲清纯唯美| 久久久成人免费电影| av线在线观看网站| 日韩大片免费观看网站 | 两个人视频免费观看高清| 久久精品国产亚洲av涩爱| 亚洲av一区综合| 欧美激情国产日韩精品一区| 最近中文字幕高清免费大全6| 国产成人一区二区在线| 综合色丁香网| 国产毛片a区久久久久| 两个人视频免费观看高清| 看免费成人av毛片| 亚洲婷婷狠狠爱综合网| 在线天堂最新版资源| 国语对白做爰xxxⅹ性视频网站| 国产老妇女一区| av国产久精品久网站免费入址| 在线观看66精品国产| 国模一区二区三区四区视频| av在线老鸭窝| 亚洲国产欧美在线一区| 国产伦精品一区二区三区四那| 色哟哟·www| 国产伦精品一区二区三区四那| 国产精品三级大全| 日韩成人伦理影院| 国产高清有码在线观看视频| 伦理电影大哥的女人| 国产精品久久久久久av不卡| 国产熟女欧美一区二区| 精品欧美国产一区二区三| 永久免费av网站大全| 国产精品久久久久久精品电影小说 | av视频在线观看入口| 精品酒店卫生间| 国产成人a∨麻豆精品| 22中文网久久字幕| 人妻系列 视频| 只有这里有精品99| 亚洲欧美精品综合久久99| 五月伊人婷婷丁香| av线在线观看网站| 五月玫瑰六月丁香| 麻豆一二三区av精品| 久久久精品欧美日韩精品| 亚洲性久久影院| 在线观看美女被高潮喷水网站| 国产精品不卡视频一区二区| 国产av不卡久久| 国产久久久一区二区三区| 永久免费av网站大全| 成人无遮挡网站| 亚洲在久久综合| 在线免费观看的www视频| 精品无人区乱码1区二区| 三级男女做爰猛烈吃奶摸视频| 亚洲av男天堂| 久久精品久久久久久久性| 免费观看在线日韩| 91在线精品国自产拍蜜月| 国产午夜精品一二区理论片| 我的女老师完整版在线观看| 久久草成人影院| 久久精品人妻少妇| 一本久久精品| 免费无遮挡裸体视频| 偷拍熟女少妇极品色| 国产精品野战在线观看| 免费电影在线观看免费观看| 18禁动态无遮挡网站| 日韩av在线免费看完整版不卡| 日本欧美国产在线视频| 人人妻人人澡人人爽人人夜夜 | 国产成人91sexporn| 欧美另类亚洲清纯唯美| 亚洲欧美精品专区久久| 国产麻豆成人av免费视频| 边亲边吃奶的免费视频| 韩国高清视频一区二区三区| 亚洲av成人精品一二三区| av在线老鸭窝| 狂野欧美激情性xxxx在线观看| 99在线人妻在线中文字幕| 国产精品野战在线观看| 最近视频中文字幕2019在线8| 国产午夜精品论理片| 日日干狠狠操夜夜爽| 亚洲成人av在线免费| 毛片女人毛片| 男女啪啪激烈高潮av片| 如何舔出高潮| 黑人高潮一二区| 小蜜桃在线观看免费完整版高清| 最近中文字幕高清免费大全6| 国产精品一区二区在线观看99 | 99热全是精品| 精品国产三级普通话版| 国产精品一区www在线观看| 2021天堂中文幕一二区在线观| 中文字幕制服av| 免费av毛片视频| 日韩视频在线欧美| 久久综合国产亚洲精品| 一级黄色大片毛片| av女优亚洲男人天堂| 国产三级在线视频| 99久久人妻综合| 亚洲av成人av| 欧美激情国产日韩精品一区| 一边摸一边抽搐一进一小说| 边亲边吃奶的免费视频| 国产一级毛片在线| 最近最新中文字幕免费大全7| 国产精品电影一区二区三区| 校园人妻丝袜中文字幕| 中文亚洲av片在线观看爽| 亚洲成人久久爱视频| 国产 一区精品| 国产精品久久电影中文字幕| 男女下面进入的视频免费午夜| 99久国产av精品| 亚洲精品成人久久久久久| 中文字幕制服av| 国产男人的电影天堂91| 中文资源天堂在线| 国模一区二区三区四区视频| 日韩av不卡免费在线播放| 特大巨黑吊av在线直播| 五月玫瑰六月丁香| 国产成人一区二区在线| 午夜老司机福利剧场| 日韩av不卡免费在线播放| 晚上一个人看的免费电影| 97超视频在线观看视频| 91精品一卡2卡3卡4卡| 国产成人a∨麻豆精品| 我的老师免费观看完整版| 桃色一区二区三区在线观看| 99热网站在线观看| 欧美高清成人免费视频www| 99久久无色码亚洲精品果冻| av在线蜜桃| 超碰97精品在线观看| 高清日韩中文字幕在线| 亚洲欧美成人精品一区二区| 18禁在线无遮挡免费观看视频| 一区二区三区高清视频在线| 特大巨黑吊av在线直播| 久久人人爽人人爽人人片va| 久久久久久久久久成人| 久久人妻av系列| 听说在线观看完整版免费高清| 亚洲成色77777| 水蜜桃什么品种好| 国产一区二区在线观看日韩| 免费观看精品视频网站| 精品免费久久久久久久清纯| 亚洲中文字幕一区二区三区有码在线看| 国产精品一二三区在线看| 美女国产视频在线观看| 欧美高清成人免费视频www| 亚洲精品影视一区二区三区av| 一区二区三区高清视频在线| 中文字幕亚洲精品专区| 亚洲内射少妇av| 岛国毛片在线播放| 午夜爱爱视频在线播放| 成人国产麻豆网| 国产激情偷乱视频一区二区| 99久久无色码亚洲精品果冻| 久久久亚洲精品成人影院| 成年av动漫网址| 国产精品三级大全| h日本视频在线播放| 亚洲欧美一区二区三区国产| 热99在线观看视频| 午夜视频国产福利| 少妇猛男粗大的猛烈进出视频 | 欧美高清性xxxxhd video| 变态另类丝袜制服| 国产精品.久久久| 精品人妻熟女av久视频| 亚洲怡红院男人天堂| 99久久精品一区二区三区| 嫩草影院新地址| 身体一侧抽搐| 亚洲av不卡在线观看| 国产黄a三级三级三级人| 伦理电影大哥的女人| 日韩 亚洲 欧美在线| 亚洲怡红院男人天堂| 人人妻人人看人人澡| 能在线免费看毛片的网站| 免费看a级黄色片| 男女那种视频在线观看| 搡老妇女老女人老熟妇| 午夜福利网站1000一区二区三区| 国产91av在线免费观看| 欧美性猛交黑人性爽| 在线a可以看的网站| 久久99热6这里只有精品| 亚洲av免费在线观看| 国产成人freesex在线| 国产精品久久久久久精品电影小说 | 能在线免费观看的黄片| 午夜a级毛片| 久久久欧美国产精品| 国语对白做爰xxxⅹ性视频网站| 亚洲乱码一区二区免费版| 国产成人a区在线观看| 免费黄色在线免费观看| 高清日韩中文字幕在线| 久久精品国产亚洲av涩爱| av女优亚洲男人天堂| 国产精品av视频在线免费观看| 人人妻人人看人人澡| 午夜免费激情av| 91av网一区二区| 国产精品野战在线观看| 国模一区二区三区四区视频| 黄片无遮挡物在线观看| 久久久精品大字幕| 亚洲国产精品成人综合色| 在线观看av片永久免费下载| 国产在视频线在精品| 日本免费a在线| 男的添女的下面高潮视频| 久久精品国产鲁丝片午夜精品| 中国国产av一级| 身体一侧抽搐| 亚洲美女搞黄在线观看| 欧美性感艳星| 边亲边吃奶的免费视频| 久久久久久久久久久丰满| 美女xxoo啪啪120秒动态图| 我的老师免费观看完整版| 日本三级黄在线观看| 欧美一区二区亚洲| 永久免费av网站大全| 久久久久久久久久久丰满| 超碰av人人做人人爽久久| 1000部很黄的大片| 日本三级黄在线观看| 深爱激情五月婷婷| 日韩欧美 国产精品| 尤物成人国产欧美一区二区三区| 日本免费a在线| 天天躁夜夜躁狠狠久久av| 中文字幕人妻熟人妻熟丝袜美| 国产黄片视频在线免费观看| 又粗又爽又猛毛片免费看| 国产色爽女视频免费观看|