劉培磊, 李 寧, 連 慶, 王旭靜, 王志興?
1.農(nóng)業(yè)部科技發(fā)展中心,北京100122;
2.中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院生物技術(shù)研究所,北京100081
利用植物生物反應(yīng)器生產(chǎn)藥用蛋白的研究進(jìn)展
劉培磊1, 李 寧1, 連 慶1, 王旭靜2, 王志興2?
1.農(nóng)業(yè)部科技發(fā)展中心,北京100122;
2.中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院生物技術(shù)研究所,北京100081
植物生物反應(yīng)器因其具有成本低、安全性好、表達(dá)產(chǎn)物具有與高等動物細(xì)胞一樣的免疫原性和生物活性等優(yōu)點(diǎn)而倍受人們的關(guān)注。當(dāng)前利用植物生物反應(yīng)器生產(chǎn)藥用蛋白成為植物基因工程的一個新趨勢,已有多種產(chǎn)品進(jìn)入臨床研究。本文就近期植物生物反應(yīng)器生產(chǎn)藥用蛋白的研發(fā)情況及所處的研發(fā)階段進(jìn)行了綜述,分析了目前利用植物生物反應(yīng)器生產(chǎn)藥用蛋白中存在的問題,并對這一技術(shù)的應(yīng)用前景進(jìn)行了展望。
植物生物反應(yīng)器;疫苗;抗體;藥用蛋白
植物生物反應(yīng)器廣義上指以植物懸浮細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)或整株植物為工廠大量生產(chǎn)具有重要功能的蛋白質(zhì),如人或動物用疫苗、抗體和重要的氨基酸等。與微生物和動物生物反應(yīng)器相比,植物生物反應(yīng)器具有成本低、安全性好、表達(dá)產(chǎn)物具有與高等動物細(xì)胞一樣的免疫原性和生物活性等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。因此,植物反應(yīng)器越來越受到人們的關(guān)注。
自1986年Barta[1]將激素與農(nóng)桿菌膽脂堿合成酶進(jìn)行融合表達(dá),首次使用植物表達(dá)系統(tǒng)生產(chǎn)藥用相關(guān)蛋白,1989年第一次使用煙草表達(dá)抗體[2],1992年第一次使用植物生產(chǎn)乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)的表面抗原[3]以來,利用植物生物反應(yīng)器生產(chǎn)藥用蛋白已成為國際上植物基因工程的一個新的發(fā)展趨勢。
1.1 利用植物生物反應(yīng)器生產(chǎn)抗體
將編碼全抗體或抗體片段的基因?qū)胫参铮纯稍谥参镏斜磉_(dá)出具有功能性識別抗原及具有結(jié)合特性的全抗體或部分抗體片段。植物細(xì)胞不但可以對表達(dá)的重組抗體蛋白進(jìn)行正確的組裝和后期加工,其表達(dá)產(chǎn)物也能保持良好的生物學(xué)特性,而且植物表達(dá)的抗體以二聚體形式存在,表達(dá)產(chǎn)物的親和力高,有助于全面發(fā)揮抗體的功能。1989年,美國醫(yī)學(xué)生物學(xué)家Hiatt等[4]從小鼠中克隆了抗體重鏈和輕鏈基因,并分別用農(nóng)桿菌介導(dǎo)法轉(zhuǎn)入煙草,通過有性雜交和篩選鑒定,在后代同一植株中表達(dá)出由重鏈和輕鏈組裝的功能性抗體,抗體量可達(dá)煙草葉總蛋白的1.3%,就此開創(chuàng)了利用植物生產(chǎn)抗體的先河。此后,分泌性抗體、嵌合抗體、完整抗體、scFv片段、Fab片段和雙特異活性scFv片段等先后成功地在不同植物的不同器官中表達(dá),表達(dá)水平通常占總可溶性蛋白的0.5%~2%。1990年,During等[5]將抗體重鏈和輕鏈基因裝入同一個表達(dá)載體轉(zhuǎn)入煙草后獲得有抗原結(jié)合活性的抗體。1991年Benvenuto等[6]將一種神經(jīng)肽單抗的VH基因插入植物表達(dá)載體,在煙草中獲得表達(dá),這種單域抗體具有抗原結(jié)合特性,表達(dá)量占可溶蛋白的1%。1992年,Owen等[7]將抗光敏色素的scFv基因?qū)霟煵莺?,scFv基因在轉(zhuǎn)基因植株中高水平表達(dá)。截止目前,已經(jīng)有包括磷酸酯、NP半抗原、神經(jīng)肽、光敏色素、人肌酸激酶、HSV?2、人的IgG、Topoviruses、癌胚抗原、乙肝表面抗原、血液艾滋病毒、人白細(xì)胞介素L?4及L?6、馬鈴薯淀粉分支酶、狂犬病毒蛋白、單純皰疹病毒、內(nèi)腸桿菌毒素 A、西尼羅河病毒Hu?E16、人源抗狂犬病毒、漢坦病毒、人端粒酶逆轉(zhuǎn)錄酶、膀胱癌及人源抗恒河猴D等20多個完整抗體或各種抗體片段如Fab和scFv在植物中表達(dá),植物種類主要包括煙草、馬鈴薯、大豆、擬南芥、小麥、紫花苜蓿、水稻以及玉米等。具體見表1。
1.2 利用植物生物反應(yīng)器生產(chǎn)疫苗
自從1990年Cardineau等[21]報道利用植物生產(chǎn)疫苗以來,許多人或動物的自身免疫的、病毒的、細(xì)菌的、寄生蟲的、腸及非腸病原的疫苗都通過不同的植物系統(tǒng)得到生產(chǎn)。這些植物系統(tǒng)包括馬鈴薯、煙草、番茄、生菜、水稻、花生、玉米、擬南芥、西伯利亞參、大豆、胡蘿卜、羽扇豆、萵苣、甘藍(lán)、花椰菜、紫花苜蓿、白車軸草、木瓜和櫻桃等。目前已有20多種疫苗在植物中得到表達(dá),并且美國Dow Agroscience公司利用煙草生產(chǎn)新城疫病毒的疫苗已批準(zhǔn)使用。關(guān)于利用植物生產(chǎn)的疫苗具體見表2。
表1 利用轉(zhuǎn)基因植物表達(dá)的藥用重組抗體(2000年以后)Table 1 Recombinant anti?body expressed in transgenic plants(after 2000).
1.3 其他藥用蛋白
生產(chǎn)具有藥學(xué)活性的植物蛋白和多肽是近年來植物生物反應(yīng)器應(yīng)用的另一個迅速發(fā)展的領(lǐng)域,例如細(xì)胞因子、酶及其他藥用蛋白和生物活性肽等。到目前為止,人們已經(jīng)成功地在植物中表達(dá)的蛋白還有胰島素、干擾素、溶菌酶、人生長激素、人表皮生長因子、人凝血因子、白細(xì)胞介素等。表達(dá)的宿主植物主要有煙草、馬鈴薯、擬南芥、玉米、水稻和大豆等(表3)。
表2 利用植物生物反應(yīng)器生產(chǎn)的重組疫苗(2005年以后)Table 2 Recombinant vaccine produced by transgenic plants(after 2005).
經(jīng)過近20多年的研究,目前已有部分植物生產(chǎn)的藥用蛋白進(jìn)入市場,部分產(chǎn)品進(jìn)入臨床試驗階段,如Hood等[79]在轉(zhuǎn)基因玉米中成功表達(dá)了重組抗生物素蛋白,表達(dá)量占總可溶性蛋白的2%,現(xiàn)已成為Sigma?Aldrich的商品。轉(zhuǎn)基因油菜種子油體中表達(dá)的水蛭素也已經(jīng)在加拿大投入商業(yè)生產(chǎn)[80]。到目前為止,已有9個重組蛋白已進(jìn)入原料或試劑市場,6個已批準(zhǔn)在臨床上應(yīng)用,3個處于臨床研究Ⅲ期,5個處于臨床研究Ⅱ期,16個處于臨床研究Ⅰ期。具體見表4。
表3 利用植物生物反應(yīng)器表達(dá)其他藥用蛋白(2005年以后)Table 3 Pharmaceutical proteins expressed in transgenic plants(after 2005).
表4 轉(zhuǎn)基因植物表達(dá)藥物的臨床應(yīng)用Table 4 Clinical application of pharmaceutical proteins expressed in transgenic plants.
利用植物生物反應(yīng)器生產(chǎn)藥用蛋白已取得可喜進(jìn)展,部分產(chǎn)品已經(jīng)進(jìn)入商業(yè)化應(yīng)用階段。但是,目前尚存在目標(biāo)蛋白表達(dá)量低,提取純化成本較高、轉(zhuǎn)基因產(chǎn)品的安全性等問題。目標(biāo)蛋白表達(dá)量低是當(dāng)前利用植物生物反應(yīng)器生產(chǎn)藥用蛋白中普遍存在的問題,研究者們正在試圖通過優(yōu)化外源基因的調(diào)控序列、特定部位表達(dá)、使用植物病毒表達(dá)載體等方式來提高目標(biāo)基因的表達(dá)量。
利用植物生物反應(yīng)器生產(chǎn)藥用蛋白雖然上游成本比動物生物反應(yīng)器要低,但是從植物中提取純化目標(biāo)蛋白的成本很高,從而增加了利用生物反應(yīng)器生產(chǎn)藥用蛋白的總體成本。通過選擇適當(dāng)?shù)氖荏w材料可以有效避免由于純化目標(biāo)蛋白而增加成本的問題。例如利用香蕉作為受體材料表達(dá)食用疫苗,不但可以避免高成本純化目標(biāo)蛋白,而且可以滿足人們對經(jīng)濟(jì)疫苗的需求。利用種子表達(dá)系統(tǒng)或植物細(xì)胞的懸浮培養(yǎng)也都能有效避免因為下游產(chǎn)品加工而引起的成本增加問題。
利用植物生物反應(yīng)器生產(chǎn)藥用蛋白的安全性問題一直是人們關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)問題。由于其目標(biāo)蛋白的特殊性,必須采取有效措施保證這類特殊用途的轉(zhuǎn)基因植物不能進(jìn)入食物鏈?,F(xiàn)在研究者們在培育藥用轉(zhuǎn)基因植物的初期,就充分考慮其安全性,利用現(xiàn)有技術(shù)和一些特殊的標(biāo)記基因(如紅色熒光蛋白),使得這類轉(zhuǎn)基因產(chǎn)品很容易被識別,從而避免這類藥用轉(zhuǎn)基因植物中外源基因向環(huán)境中逃逸,保證其安全性。
總之,隨著生物技術(shù)的發(fā)展,新的高效調(diào)控元件不斷發(fā)掘,新的表達(dá)體系、轉(zhuǎn)化系統(tǒng)和新技術(shù)的不斷建立,相信在不久的將來,目前存在的這些問題都會迎刃而解,利用植物生物反應(yīng)器生產(chǎn)藥用蛋白將具有更加廣泛的應(yīng)用前景,帶來巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會效益。
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Progress in Using Plant Bioreactor to Produce Pharamatical Protein
LIU Pei?lei1,LINing1,LIAN Qing1,WANG Xu?jing2,WANG Zhi?xing2?
1.Development Center ofScience and Technology,Ministry of Agriculture,Beijing 100122,China;
2.Biotechnology Research Institute,Chinese Academy ofAgricultural Sciences,Beijing 100081,China
Plant bioreactor wasmuch concerned because of the characteristics of low cost,safety,the same immunogenicity and biological activity of the expressed products comparewith animal bioreactor,etc.It is a new trend in plantgenetic engineering by using plant bioreactor to produce pharmaceutical proteins.A variety of products are studies on clinical stage.In this paper,we reviewed the recent studies on pharmaceutical protein producing by plant bioreactor,analyzed the current problems existing in plant bioreactor,and prospected the application of this technology in future.
plant bioreactor;bacterin;anti?body;pharmaceutical protein
10.3969/j.issn.2095?2341.2013.05.01
2013?07?05;接受日期:2013?09?11
國家轉(zhuǎn)基因生物新品種培育重大專項(2012ZX08011?003)資助。
劉培磊,高級農(nóng)藝師,主要從事轉(zhuǎn)基因生物安全評價與安全管理政策研究。Tel:010?59199391;E?mail:liupeilei@agri.gov.cn。?通信作者:王志興,研究員,博士,主要從事植物基因工程與轉(zhuǎn)基因生物安全研究。Tel:010?82106102;E?mail:wangcotton@126.com