指示代詞選哪個(gè)

胡竹菊

one， the one和that以及它們的復(fù)數(shù)形式ones， the ones和those都可以指代人或事物，這是個(gè)基礎(chǔ)的知識(shí)點(diǎn)。可一旦它們出現(xiàn)在比較復(fù)雜的句子中，不少同學(xué)就會(huì)發(fā)蒙。比如2013年高考英語(yǔ)浙江卷的單選題第11題：

Half of surveyed in 16 countries say they go first to their closest friend to share their deepest wishes and deepest fears.

A. these B some C. ones D. those

應(yīng)該選C還是選D呢？

指示代詞有泛指和特指的區(qū)別，所以我們應(yīng)該通過(guò)明確指代的對(duì)象是泛指還是特指來(lái)選擇。

one/ones 泛指“一個(gè)人或一件事物”/“一些人或一些事物”，前者指代可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，后者指代可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。

the one/the ones 特指“這個(gè)人或這件事物”/“這些人或這些事物”，它們分別指代可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)。

that特指“一件事物”，即可指代可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，也可指代不可數(shù)名詞。

those則既可以指“一些事物”，也可以指“一些人”，當(dāng)然這些事物或人都是特指的，且為可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。

比如I speak as who has seen much suffering一句，句意為“我是作為一個(gè)目睹過(guò)許多苦難的人說(shuō)這番話的”。空格中的單詞應(yīng)表示“一個(gè)人”，這個(gè)人是目睹過(guò)許多苦難的，但并不是特指目睹過(guò)許多苦難的某個(gè)特定的人，所以填入one，表示泛指。

很多情況下，the one/the ones和that/those可以互換，比如：

The TV sets in that shop are as good as in the supermarket. 句意為“那家店里的電視機(jī)與超市里的一樣好”，“超市里的（電視機(jī)）”是特指，而且是可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，所以既可以填those，也可以填the ones。

當(dāng)句子中有過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)、現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)、不定式或介詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)，一時(shí)無(wú)法明確代詞指代的對(duì)象時(shí)，可以將這些短語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)化為定語(yǔ)從句，幫助判斷指代對(duì)象。

如文章開(kāi)頭浙江卷的這道題：Half of surveyed in 16 countries say they go first to their closest friend to share their deepest wishes and deepest fears，句子很長(zhǎng)，一時(shí)間都無(wú)法明確指代的對(duì)象，泛指和特指就更無(wú)從談起了。

仔細(xì)看句子，surveyed in 16 countries是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于定語(yǔ)從句who are surveyed in 16 countries。如此一來(lái)，把句子轉(zhuǎn)變成Half of who are surveyed in 16 countries say...， 可以看出，代詞指代的是“16個(gè)國(guó)家中被調(diào)查的人”，是特指，所以應(yīng)填those。

除了過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)，現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)、不定式和介詞短語(yǔ)都能作定語(yǔ)，遇到這些短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，把它們轉(zhuǎn)變成定語(yǔ)從句的形式，有助于我們判斷代詞的指代對(duì)象。

（1） 把現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)化為定語(yǔ)從句

Those sitting in the front row please come here.

？圯Those who sit / are sitting in the front row please come here.

（2） 把介詞短語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)化為定語(yǔ)從句

There is no doubt that those against the law should be punished without mercy.

？圯There is no doubt that those who are against the law should be punished without mercy.

（3） 把不定式轉(zhuǎn)化為定語(yǔ)從句

Its obvious that he is the first one to congratulate us on our achievements.

？圯Its obvious that he is the first one who/that congratulates us on our achievements.

（1） Studying Wendys menu， I found that many of the items are similar to of McDonalds.

A. those B. ones C. any D. all

（2） The traffic on the main streets has a longer green signal than on the small ones.

A. one B. this C. that D. it

（3） Of us classmates， he is the last one to Marys birthday party.

A. to invite B. to be invited C. invited D. being invited

（1） A （2） C （3） B