Analysis of Similarities and Differences of the Twelve Jing-Well Acupoints for Emergency

Zhu Xian-min, Liu Yong-tao

Department of Acupuncture and Massage, Henan College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450008, China

Analysis of Similarities and Differences of the Twelve Jing-Well Acupoints for Emergency

Zhu Xian-min, Liu Yong-tao

Department of Acupuncture and Massage, Henan College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450008, China

The twelve Jing-Well acupoints are located at the tips of the limbs, with strong stimulation andintense needling sensation, and play important roles in the treatment of various critical diseases. The twelve Jing-Well acupoints share similarities and have specificities in the treatment of critical and severe diseases. The similarities of the twelve Jing-Well acupoints are supposed to open the orifices and remove blockage, clear away heat, resolve swelling, dissolve toxin and remove blood stasis. The Jing-Well acupoints locate at the different positions also have their specific effects for emergencies. Shaoshang (LU 11) is supposed to clean and benefit the throat. Shangyang (LI 1) is supposed to clear away heat and purge Fu organs. Lidui (ST 45) is supposed to expel fire and stop fear. Yinbai (SP 1) is supposed to stop bleeding and correct collapse. Shaochong (HT 9) is supposed to clear away heat from the heart and get rid of vexation. Shaoze (SI 1) is supposed to dredge the breast collateral. Zhiyin (BL 67) is supposed to promote birth and smoothen delivery. Yongquan (KI 1) is supposed to nourish yin and suppress yang. Zhongchong (PC 9) is supposed to benefit the orifice and brighten the eyes. Guanchong (TE 1) is supposed to clean and promote the triple energizer. Zuqiaoyin (GB 44) is supposed to induce menstruation and stop pain. Dadun (LR 1) is supposed to clear away the liver fire and relieve hernia. It is advisable to identify the similarities and differences and apply different stimulating modes in order to guide the clinical practice and enhance the emergency effect.

Points, Specific; Research on Acupoints; Specificity of Acupoints; Points, Jing-Well (Five Shu); Emergencies

The Jing-Well acupoints are where the twelve meridians qi starts. They are all located at the tips of the four limbs. The similarity in the distribution of their positions is interrelated to the similarity of the needling sensation and indications. Generally, Jing-Well acupoints are the roots of the twelve meridians, and can cause strong stimulating and intense needling sensation. In modern anatomy, the arteriovenous network is distributed in the areas of Jing-Well acupoints, with rich peripheral nerves and sensitive perception[1]. Jing-Well acupoints are the linking places of the internal-externally connected yin and yang meridians. Acupuncture on Jing-Well acupoints can communicate yin and yang, link up the meridian qi, regulate Zang-fu organs and dredge the meridian and get rid of obstruction. Therefore, all Jing-Well acupoints can be used to treat the critical conditions of coma, syncope, feverish diseases, swelling, pain, and numb sensation in the limbs. But, twelve Jing-Well acupoints are distributed at the tips of different fingers or toes, linking with different Zang-fu organs and meridians, so they are particularly different for critical conditions. For instance, Shaoshang (LU 11) is mainlyused to treat acute pharyngeal swelling. Yinbai (SP 1) is used to reduce the functional bleeding of the uterus. Zhiyin (BL 67) is used to treat difficult labor. So, the unique specificity of the twelve Jing-Well acupoints can be seen. It is beneficial to master the rule to use acupoints by identifying the similarity and difference of the twelve Jing-Well acupoints, so as to select Jing-Well acupoints purposefully in accordance with different emergent conditions.

1 Similarities

1.1 Opening the orifices and dredging blockage

It is pointed out inZhen Jiu Da Cheng(Complete Compendium of Acupuncture and Moxibustion): ‘for apoplectic tumbling, sudden onset, dizziness, retention of phlegm and saliva, unconsciousness, trismus, and inability to take herbal decoction, quickly prick twelve Jing-Well acupoints of the ten fingers by three-edged needle to bleed bad blood immediately, and also for all types of sudden death and malignant conditions, unconsciousness, and intestinal colicky disease, in order to bring the life back.’ The twelve Jing-Well acupoints are located at the most sensitive tips of ten fingers (toes), respond very strongly to stimulation, and have the strongest effects to wake up the mind and open the orifices and have the strong waking-up effect for unconsciousness. For cranial injury caused by stroke, cerebral trauma, and transient ischemia, acupuncture on the twelve Jing-Well acupoints can smooth qi and blood stagnant in the meridians, regulate Zang-fu organs, open the meridians, so as to harmonize qi and blood and balance yin and yang. So, it is often used as one of the commonly used emergent measures. Acupuncture on Jing-Well acupoints is able to open the orifice, wake up the mind and protect the brain, and can effectively protect the cerebral cells at utmost, and remarkably reduce the mortality rate and disability rate[2]. For the early stage of carbon monoxide poisoning, to bleed Jing-Well acupoint can improve the conscious status and promote the coma patients back to life, and regulate the circulatory system and accelerate metabolism, so as to improve microcirculation and protect the nerve cells[3].

1.2 Clearing away heat and diminishing swelling

The antipyretic effects are remarkable in bloodletting method by puncturing the twelve Jing-Well acupoints for fire and heat patterns of high fever, convulsion, sore and swelling throat. When the body temperature is over 39℃, it is advisable to knead, push and press the tip of the finger (toe) of the patient to gather blood at the end of the finger (toe), and then pinch up the finger (toe) to be pricked and quickly prick the corresponding Jing-Well acupoint with a three-edged needle for squeezing out 3-5 drops of blood. By 1-2 treatments, the body temperature of the majority patients will be restored normal. The tips of the fingers (toes) where the Jing-Well acupoints locating are rich in nerve endings and also sensitive to external stimulation, and the antipyretic effects can be realized by regulating the function of the center to extrapyramidal effects[4]. Particularly for infantile convulsion caused by fever, the antipyretic effect is excellent by bleeding the twelve Jing-Well acupoints. Fever caused by acute tonsillitis, manifested by excessive toothache with red, swelling and painful gums, can also be treated by bleeding Jing-Well acupoints for expelling blood stasis and producing new blood, dredging the meridians and opening the collaterals, promoting blood circulation, increasing the blood supply to the heart and excluding obstacle in microcirculation, so as to smoothen the circulation of qi and blood and realize the goals to clear away heat and dissolve swelling.

1.3 Dissolving toxin and dissipating blood stasis

The twelve Jing-Well acupoints are located at the tips of the hands and feet. The bleeding method on them can improve the nutritional metabolism of the organism, promote blood circulation, dissolve toxin, and expel blood stasis and stagnation. For serious abdominal pain, vomiting, nausea, dizziness and vexation caused by food poisoning, the poisoning symptoms can be quickly relived by pricking the twelve Jing-Well acupoints to flow out 5-10 mL dark blood. After snakebite, the toxin can gradually spread to the whole body via the wound and poisoning symptoms will appear. The bleeding method on Jing-Well acupoints can promptly excrete toxins and reduce harms of toxins to the human tissues. The numb sensation at the tips of the limbsshould blame the pathological change of the peripheral nerves, mostly caused by obstruction of stagnant blood, poor circulation of qi and blood, or deficiency of qi and blood failing to nourish the tips of the limbs. To prick the twelve Jing-Well acupoints can directly reach the diseased areas, to promote flow of qi and blood, circulate blood and expel blood stasis. To bleed the twelve Jing-Well acupoints can reduce the permeability of the capillaries, reduce the aggregation and viscosity of the platelets, and improve blood circulation in the whole body, so as to smoothen the venous and lymphatic flow and alleviate the numbness and tumefaction of the limb tips[5].

2 Specificities

2.1 Shaoshang (LU 11) for cleaning and benefiting the throat

It is said inYu Long Ge(Ode to Jade Dragon): ‘in treating acute tonsillitis in children, acupuncture must be used to eliminate the problem immediately. After bleeding Shaoshang (LU 11), the peace appearsinstantly and disaster is avoided.’ Shaoshang (LU 11), the Jing-Well acupoint of the Lung Meridian of Hand Taiyin, has been acknowledged by the medical practitioners in the ancient and modern times as the best acupoint for acute sore and swelling throat. Because Shaoshang (LU 11) is a Jing-Well acupoint, root of the lung qi, it is able to clear away heat from the lung, benefit the throat, soothe Wei-Defensive qi, relieve the superficial symptoms, disperse the accumulated heat. The immediate effect can often be achieved by bleeding Shaoshang (LU 11) in the treatment of acute sore and swelling throat. In the treatment, it is advisable to prick Shaoshang (LU 11) with a three-edged needle to let out 3-5 drops of blood till dark blood becomes light. For those with red, swelling and painful tonsil, and difficult swallowing, the symptoms can be instantly relieved after bleeding the acupoint, so that the patient will be able to ingest food[6].

2.2 Shangyang (LI 1) for clearing away heat from Fu organs

It is said inBai Zheng Fu(Ode to Hundred Diseases): ‘for cold malaria, Shangyang (LI 1) and Taixi (KI 3) are used.’ Shangyang (LI 1) is the Jing-Well acupoint of the Large Intestine Meridian of Hand Yangming and locates at the tip of the index finger, where it is directly linked with the lung meridian. The lung dominates the skin and hair of the whole body. For all diseases induced by invasion of exogenous pathogens into the muscles and body surface, Shangyang (LI 1) can be punctured to relieve the superficial symptoms, reduce fever and promote perspiration. It can be used for febrile diseases and malaria. For constipation induced by accumulated heat in the abdomen, drying up body fluid and obstructing the intestine, it is advisable to prick Shangyang (LI 1) with a three-edged needle. Because Yangming Meridians are the meridians with abundant qi and blood, Shangyang (LI 1) is the resource of circulation of qi and blood of the meridians, and the lung is the upper resource of water, to bleed Shangyang (LI 1) can excite the meridian qi of the Lung and Large Intestine Meridians, spread and descend the lung qi, and regulate qi dynamics, so as to make fluid flow downward to moisten the intestine, and pass out the constipated stool[7].

2.3 Lidui (ST 45) for reducing fire and calming convulsion

It is said inBai Zheng Fu(Ode to Hundred Diseases): ‘for continuous nightmares, Lidui (ST 45) should be used together with Yinbai (SP 1)’.‘Continuous nightmares’ refer to sudden screaming and moaning, due to fright induced by scaring things in the dream. It will have a better sedative effect for nightmares by pricking Lidui (ST 45) upward and obliquely for 3-5 mm, causing serious pain at the tip of the toe. Lidui (ST 45) is the Jing-Well acupoint of the Stomach Meridian of Foot Yangming and is also the son acupoint of the Stomach Meridian. It is said inSu Wen(Plain Questions): ‘sleep will not be peaceful, if the stomach is not harmonious.’ For sleeping disorders caused by excessive heat in the Stomach Meridian, Lidui (ST 45) can be punctured with the reducing technique, to guide heat downward and calm the mind and eliminate depression. In addition, excessive heat pattern like oral ulceration can be instantly cured by bleeding method for 1-2 times, but bloodletting amount should be enough, usually 0.3 mL or above, for better effect[8].

2.4 Yinbai (SP 1) for stopping bleeding and treating menorrhagia

It is pointed out inZhen Jiu Da Cheng(Complete Compendium of Acupuncture and Moxibustion): ‘for lingering menstruation, apply moxibustion to Yinbai (SP 1).’ Yinbai (SP 1) is the Jing-Well acupoint of the Spleen Meridian of Foot Taiyin and the spleen is the resource of production and transformation and dominates all blood vessels. If the spleen qi is too deficient to dominate blood, metrorrhagia and metrostaxis will appear due to extravasations and absurd flow of menstrual blood. Then, Yinbai (SP 1) can be applied with moxibustion to strengthen the spleen and harmonize the stomach, raise the collapsed yang, and disperse the internal obstruction, so as to promote the function of the spleen in controlling blood[9]. Yinbai (SP 1) is good at stopping bleeding and is often effective for menorrhagia, lingering menstruation and functional bleeding of the uterus. In the treatment, a piece of moxa roll is ignited and applied 2-3 mm above Yinbai (SP 1), first on one side and then on the other side. Each time, moxibustion will be applied for 15-20 min for each acupoint, till the skin of acupoint area becomes red and a heating sensation appears. During moxibustion, the patient often feels that the tense sensation or empty sensation in the lower abdomen will disappear, and bleeding volume will be obviously reduced soon after the moxibustion. Moxibustion is given 3-4 times every day. After the menstruation stops, moxibustion should be applied for another 1-2 d to consolidate the effect.

2.5 Shaochong (HT 9) for clearing away heat from the heart and getting rid of vexation

It is said inYu Long Ge(Ode to Jade Dragon): ‘for the heart deficiency and cold gallbladder, Shaochong (HT 9) is most effective by punctured for 0.3 cun without moxibustion, and peaceful situation will follow the acupuncture.’ Shaochong (HT 9) is the Jing-Well acupoint of the Heart Meridian of Hand Shaoyin, belongs to wood in the five elements and is the mother acupoint of the heart. Pattern of the heart deficiency is mostly due to insufficiency of the heart blood,manifested by palpitation, worries, restless fear, poor memory, dreamful sleep, shortness of breathing, and gastric upset or sudden pain below the cardiac region. Then, Shaochong (HT 9) is punctured with the needle tip upward for 3-5 mm with reinforcing technique to strengthen the wood, so as to reinforce and benefit the heart yang, as it is said that ‘to reinforce the mother acupoint for deficiency.’ For sudden pain below the cardiac region and cold sensation in the four limbs in pattern of the heart deficiency, Shaochong (HT 9) is reinforced to intensify the wood and fire, for correcting deficiency and strengthening the heart. For excessive patterns of febrile disease, vexation, fullness, stroke, coma, mania and convulsion caused by internal motion of the liver wind and upward flaming of the liver fire, Shaochong (HT 9) is punctured with the reducing technique to suppress the wood and extinguish fire. It has proved by the experimental study that acupuncture on Shaochong (HT 9) can quickly reduce carbon monoxide content in the animal blood and shorten the waking time[10].

2.6 Shaoze (SI 1) for dredging the breast collateral

It is said inYu Long Ge(Ode to Jade Dragon): ‘for pain of women with acute mastitis, and thick phlegm, Shaoze (SI 1) should be punctured by either reinforcing or reducing technique.’ Acute mastitis is mostly caused by the liver qi stagnation or accumulated preponderance of the stomach fire, plus affection of exogenous pathogens, leading to obstruction of the meridians. Shaoze (SI 1) is a Jing-Well acupoint of the Small Intestine Meridian of Hand Taiyang and the small finger is the intersecting spot of the Small Intestine Meridian and the Heart Meridian, and is able to regulate the heart qi, dredge the blood meridians, also regulate the small intestine and transform the essentials by acupuncture, and has a better effect for lactation after delivery in women. For acute mastitis, Shaoze (SI 1) is punctured for clearing away heat, dispersing accumulation, smoothing the breast collaterals, dredging the breast glands, so as to circulate qi, activate blood and diminish tumefaction. Shaoze (SI 1) is punctured upward and subcutaneously for 3-5 mm, without reinforcing or reducing technique; or is pricked with a three-edged needle to squeeze out 3-4 drops of blood, for getting rid of the liver qi stagnation and clearing away accumulated heat from the Stomach Meridian, so as to dredge the meridians, activate the collaterals, disperse blood stasis and break the accumulation[11].

2.7 Zhiyin (BL 67) for promoting birth and correcting placental position

It is said inShen Jiu Jing Lun(Knowledge of Magic Moxibustion): ‘for those in the critical moment of difficult labor and not effective after drugs, apply three cones moxa on Zhiyin (BL 67), in size of wheat grain, to produce magic effect for promoting birth.’ Zhiyin (BL 67) is the Jing-Well acupoint of the Bladder Meridian of Foot Taiyang, also a special acupoint to treat difficult labor since the ancient times, and is used for difficult labor, prolonged labor and retained placenta. Because Zhiyin (BL 67) is located at the linking spot of Foot Taiyang Meridian and Foot Shaoyin Meridian, and the uterus is related to the kidney and belongs to Foot Shaoyin, Zhiyin (BL 67) can be used to regulate both yin and yang meridians, for restoring the balance between the meridians in the exterior-interior relationship and correct the fetus position. The warming and heating effect of moxibustion is often used to excite yang qi, warm up and nourish the fetus, and regulate and harmonize yin and yang. In the pregnant period in women, moxibustion can be applied to Zhiyin (BL 67) for correcting malposition, promoting birth in labor, and promoting discharge of the placenta after the birth. It has proved by the study that moxibustion on Zhiyin (BL 67) can excite the functions of the pituitary -adrenal system, increase the secretion of the adrenal cortex, improve the uterine tonicity, strengthen uterine contraction, and promote fetal movement, and reverse the fetus position by regulating estrogen[12]. For retention of urine after the birth, Zhiyin (BL 67) is pricked to bleed 20 drops, and urination will be smooth after 1-3 sessions.

2.8 Yongquan (KI 1) for nourishing yin and suppressing yang

It is said inZhou Hou Ge(Song for Emergencies):‘for headache at the vertex and disability to open the eyes, peace can be obtained by puncturing Yongquan (KI 1).’ Yongquan (KI 1) is the Jing-Well acupoint of the Kidney Meridian of Foot Shaoyin, located at the site for intersection of qi of yin and yang meridians in the whole body, and cab used to clear away heat and discharge fire by the reducing technique and to nourish the kidney and yin by tonifying technique. For vertex headache, dizziness and blurred vision, in accordance with the principle of ‘a(chǎn)cupoints in the lower body for problems in the upper body’, Yongquan (KI 1) is punctured to nourish kidney to support liver, suppress the liver yang and descend the reverse fire. For the patients with hypertension, Yongquan (KI 1) is punctured to balance the liver and suppress yang, guiding wind to go downward and lowering the blood pressure obviously, especially suitable for those with continuous elevation of diastolic pressure. If intractable hiccup cannot be controlled, the instant effect can be achieved by applying strong stimulation to Yongquan (KI 1)[13]. Located on the sole and presenting the extremely strong reaction in application of acupuncture, Yongquan (KI 1) has the special effects to open the orifice, wake up synopsis, restore yang and wake up thebrain and is often used for emergency management of the patients with coma, by promoting the patient to wake up quickly and restore consciousness with strong and quick lifting, thrusting, twisting and rotating techniques. In the serious attack of convulsion, acupuncture on Yongquan (KI 1) can open the orifice, wake up the brain, and stop epilepsy and convulsion. For lingering convulsion manifested in infantile convulsion, there will be remarkable effect to relieve the symptoms by puncturing Yongquan (KI 1) for nourishing water, supporting wood, balancing the liver and extinguishing wind.

2.9 Zhongchong (PC 9) for benefiting the orifice and brightening the eyes

It is said inYu Long Ge(Ode to Jade Dragon): ‘for serious stroke, peace can be obtained by Zhongchong (PC 9). If no reaction appears by the tonifying technique first and the reducing technique afterward, Shuigou (GV 26) can be punctured for immediate relief.’ As the Jing-Well acupoint of the Pericardium Meridian and locates at the intersecting site of yin and yang meridians, Zhongchong (PC 9) is able to regulate the balance between yin and yang and correct the separation between yin and yang by acupuncture. For stroke pattern caused by extreme excessive heart heat, producing wind, leading to fight between fire and wind and hence blocking the clear orifice, manifested by sudden coma, it is advisable to puncture Zhongchong (PC 9) immediately to wake up the mind and synopsis. In treating qi synopsis, phlegm synopsis and summerheat synopsis, the depth of the needle insertion in Zhongchong (PC 9) can be decided upon the duration and severity of synopsis. For short duration and mild condition, the needle can be inserted shallowly for 3-5 mm. For long duration and severe condition, the needle can be inserted to the middle section of the middle finger. At the critical moment, Zhongchong (PC 9) can also be used to wake up the patient by digging it forcefully with the finger. For hordeolum caused by local qi stagnation and blood stasis due to wind and heat of the Liver Meridian or upward disturbance of the eyelids by heat toxin, it is advisable to prick Zhongchong (PC 9) with a three-edged needle to bleed 5-10 drops. Generally, red, swelling and painful eyes can be eliminated by 1-3 sessions[14]. For tumefaction and pain of the tongue body caused by hyperactivity of the heart fire, it is advisable to bleed Zhongchong (PC 9) to clear away heat from the heart, cool blood and stop pain.

2.10 Guanchong (TE 1) for cleaning and promoting the triple energizer

It is said inYu Long Ge(Ode to Jade Dragon):‘When heat of the triple energizer gathers upward in the upper energizer, inducing bitter taste in the mouth and dry tongue, puncture Guanchong (TE 1) to bleed toxic blood, and the problem can be eliminated if body fluid is produced in the mouth.’ Guanchong (TE 1) is the Jing-Well acupoint of the Triple Energizer Meridian of Hand Shaoyang and is bled mainly for red and swelling eyes and pain behind the ear, caused by upward attack of the face by fire and heat of the triple energizer or accumulated heat of Zang-fu organs, leading to obstruction due to qi and blood stagnation. Generally, it is advisable to bleed 30 drops of blood by pricking Guanchong (TE 1) with a three-edged needle. For red and swelling eyes and ulcers in the eyes, Guanchong (TE 1) is able to clear away heat, dissolve toxin, activate blood, disperse blood stasis, brighten the eyes and stop pain by bloodletting technique. For pain behind the ear caused by affection of pathogenic wind or ascension of the accumulated heat in the liver and gallbladder along the meridian, Guanchong (TE 1) can be bled to clear away accumulated heat in Shaoyang Meridian and disperse the accumulation and stagnation of local qi and blood[15].

2.11 Zuqiaoyin (GB 44) for inducing menstruation and stopping pain

Zuqiaoyin (GB 44) is the Jing-Well acupoint of the Gallbladder Meridian of Foot Shaoyang, and is good at treating the problems on the distal part of the meridians. The Meridian of Foot Shaoyang links with the head and eyes. And the external affection and internal injury can cause the dysfunction of qi dynamics, obstruction of blood meridians and pain due to blockage. For the elevation of the cranial pressure in the acute cerebrovascular diseases, manifested by serious headache, stressful emotion and restlessness, when Zuqiaoyin (GB 44) is pricked to bleed 10-15 drops of blood, once a day, serious headache can be instantly relieved. After 1-3 times of bloodletting method, pain will disappear mostly and stressful emotion can be relieved. The bleeding method by pricking Zuqiaoyin (GB 44) can excite the nervous endings, dilate the micro and small blood vessels in the feet and promote blood circulation, so that pain can be relieved while substances are transported and decomposed[16].

2.12 Dadun (LR 1) for clearing away the liver fire and relieving hernia

It is said inRu Men Shi Qin(Confucian’s Duties to Their Parents): ‘when pathogenic qi stays in the collateral of Foot Jueyin, leading to hernia, pain appears in the testicles. If Dadun (LR 1) is applied with moxibustion quickly, pain can be stopped instantly.’The tumefaction and pain of the testicles present suddenly in the acute stage of epididymitis and orchitis are mostly treated by applying moxibustion to Dadun (LR 1). In the application, moxa cone is made in a size of date pit, and 3-5 moxa cones of garlic-insulated moxibustion are applied till pain is intolerable and garlic turns brown. For serious pain of hernia, pain canbe relieved by puncturing Dadun (LR 1) with the reducing technique. If inflammation is obvious, bloodletting method should be used. Hernia is located in the lower part of the body trunk, and Jing-Well acupoint in the end of the toe corresponds to it. The nerve endings are rich in the toe, and good effects can be obtained by either acupuncture or direct burning moxibustion because of really strong stimulation[17].

In treating critical conditions with the twelve Jing-Well acupoints, it is necessary to know their similarities and identify their specificities in order to use them flexibly in the clinical service. It is said inNan Jing(Classic of Difficult Issues): ‘in puncturing Jing-Well acupoints, Xing-Spring acupoints should be reduced.’Jing-Well acupoints have the effects to open the orifices, clear away heat and promote the circulation of qi and blood. Because they locate in the areas with shallow skin and flesh at the ends of the hands and feet, they are difficult to be punctured and the patients cannot tolerate serious pain. Therefore, when Jing-Well acupoints are needed to be punctured with the reducing technique in the excessive heat pattern, Xing-Spring acupoints will be replaced in accordance with the principle of ‘reducing the son acupoint in excessive pattern’. For instance, for red, swelling and painful gum, ulcerative or bleeding gum due to upward attack of Yangming fire and heat, it is advisable to puncture Neiting (ST 44), the Xing-Spring acupoint of the Stomach Meridian, instead of Jing-Well acupoint, Lidui (ST 45). But for serious condition of coma and synopsis, it is necessary to puncture Jing-Well acupoints to wake up the mind and open the orifice, even by comprehensive method of twelve Jing-Well acupoints. Generally, Jing-Well acupoints are mostly applied by acupuncture to open the orifices and remove blockage, and mostly by bloodletting method to clear away heat and diminish swelling, and mostly by moxibustion to regulate Zang-fu organs[18-21]. Only by understanding the different effects by different stimulation modes, can the actual effects be enhanced in treating the critical and serious conditions in the clinical service.

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Translator: Huang Guo-qi

R245.2

A

Date: July 10, 2013

Author: Zhu Xian-min, professor, chief physician, master tutor.

E-mail: xmzhu8755@163.com