在石頭上繡花

2012年6月，溫州市博物館舉辦了“當代溫州傳統(tǒng)工藝美術(shù)成果展”。展品中，一件出自瑞安傅國煥的石雕作品《報春》，以精彩雕刻、完美構(gòu)圖，贏得專家連聲稱贊。

傅國煥是中國工藝美術(shù)大師、國家級“非遺”項目青田石雕技藝傳承人倪東方的高徒。傅國煥今年50歲，從事石雕藝術(shù)30多年，創(chuàng)作了大量石雕作品，其中，《丹霞楓林曲》榮獲第十屆中國工藝美術(shù)大師作品暨國際藝術(shù)精品博覽會“天工藝苑·百花杯”銀獎，《鳴秋》榮獲第三屆中國莆田海峽工藝品博覽會銅獎，此外，還有多件作品獲國家級和省級金、銀、銅獎。他現(xiàn)為中國工藝美術(shù)家協(xié)會會員、首批溫州市工藝美術(shù)大師。

石頭相伴生活

展覽期間，筆者去傅國煥石雕工藝工作室參觀，滿屋子的石頭令人大開眼界:微透明、淡青略帶黃色的青田“封門青”，半透明、照之璨如燈輝的青田“燈光凍”，色如幽蘭、通靈微透的青田“蘭花青”，還有福建壽山石和內(nèi)蒙古巴林石等。這些要被加工的材料和數(shù)十件已完成將完成的石雕作品，勾畫出傅國煥生活的全部內(nèi)容:身體瘦弱的他，除了學習和外出參展，每天都生活在石頭中，把自己的心愿情懷都融入石雕中。

傅國煥說，一件石雕作品需經(jīng)鋸石、打坯、放洞、刀工、拉刺、打糠灰、水砂、打蠟、落款種種工序，頭腦中早已勾勒的作品，往往都要歷時三四個月，一錘錘地敲打，一刀刀地雕刻，才能一點點呈現(xiàn)出來。

傅國煥的作品，涉及人物、山水、花鳥。在他看來，石雕作品構(gòu)思為首要，所謂刀下定乾坤，下刀前必須深思熟慮，依照石頭原有的質(zhì)地、形態(tài)、色澤、紋理，構(gòu)思形象，塑造主題，這樣方能將沉睡在石頭中的生命喚醒，賦予靈氣。其次講雕刻布局，按照“依式布局”的原則進行圖像布置和具體造型，根據(jù)石形與現(xiàn)實生活中的形象聯(lián)系，創(chuàng)作出新穎的、意想不到的藝術(shù)美。然后再是“因色取巧”，盡量利用石料的本色進行雕刻，以此表現(xiàn)社會和自然界的五彩繽紛。他說，雕刻，就是在石頭上“繡花”—確實如同刺繡，講究的也是精細，絲毫不能怠慢，這樣方能體現(xiàn)作品的精湛。

傳承出于世家

傅國煥的外婆、舅舅和母親都是青田石雕發(fā)源地山口村的石雕藝人。當年，他們在家雕刻小猴、羅漢等，作品全部由在法國的外公經(jīng)銷出口。傅國煥的爺爺也是青田石雕藝人，曾專門在法國從事青田石雕的銷售，回國后移居瑞安。

傅國煥受家庭氛圍影響，從小就愛好石雕藝術(shù)，孩童時特別喜歡母親的石雕作品。母親為生計而雕刻的龍鳳掛飾、口哨玩具及煙嘴等物品，常常讓他著迷，他一直渴望長大后也能從事祖業(yè)、雕刻出好作品，讓母親稱賞一番。

17歲高中畢業(yè)后，傅國煥由瑞安轉(zhuǎn)去青田，進石雕二廠工作，拜當時已然很有成就很有名氣的舅父倪東方為師，接受青田石雕技藝的系統(tǒng)專業(yè)訓練與傳承。

不知是天分，還是自小的耳濡目染，傅國煥學得特別快，僅一年時間，他就掌握了青田石雕的傳統(tǒng)鏤空、圓雕、浮雕、淺刻等手法，雕琢出山水、人物、花卉、禽獸等工藝品及花瓶、臺燈、煙嘴、筆洗等日用品。每當專家來廠里參觀，他的作品都會受到稱贊。

18歲那年，傅國煥被人請到溫州梅頭(今海城)的石雕廠做師傅，有30多名工人跟隨他學青田石雕。他每月工資80元，這在當年可是很高的待遇了。

名氣大了，請的人就多。第二年，金華一家石雕廠請傅國煥當技師，帶3個學生。一個月后，廠方發(fā)現(xiàn)傅國煥的石雕技術(shù)比原先認可的還要高超，即提升他為廠的總技師，相當于現(xiàn)在流行的藝術(shù)總監(jiān)。

在金華工作期間，傅國煥外出學習機會較多，由此他很受啟發(fā)，但也發(fā)現(xiàn)了自己的不足之處。經(jīng)反復思考，他決定再回到舅父倪東方那里重新學習。從了解石材的質(zhì)地、色澤及特性，到石雕的工藝流程、立體造型構(gòu)建，再到如何依石取色、依色施藝來表現(xiàn)創(chuàng)作主題等，這一學就是5年，傅國煥得到了倪東方的真?zhèn)鳌４送?，他一有空就閱讀相關(guān)書籍，從中國畫中汲取傳統(tǒng)文化營養(yǎng)，并參加了中國工藝美術(shù)高級研修班的培訓。

1986年，傅國煥回到瑞安，成立了個人工作室，帶徒教學，先后已有七八人學有所成，開始獨立創(chuàng)作創(chuàng)業(yè)。目前，工作室還有幾名徒弟在跟他學習。

佳作源于生活

傅國煥介紹，生活中許多事都會激發(fā)他的創(chuàng)作靈感。

2007年11月，第八屆中國工藝美術(shù)作品暨工藝美術(shù)精品博覽會在杭州浙江世界貿(mào)易中心舉行。博覽會上，傅國煥的作品《守望》以其深刻的寓意贏取了行家和觀眾的一致好評，從而獲得“百花杯”中國工藝美術(shù)精品金獎，作品并且榮譽入選(某一時期收藏)于溫州工藝美術(shù)大師精品館。

談起這件作品的創(chuàng)作過程，傅國煥記憶猶新。

數(shù)年前，他用重金購得一塊青田封門三彩美石。該石純凈無瑕，細膩柔和，似透非透，色彩鮮明。當時他沒有好的構(gòu)思，怕浪費了這么一塊美石，便一直讓它“沉睡”在地窖里，但心里一直掛念著。

有一天，他正休息時，忽然憶起童年時自家屋后枇杷樹上停歇著幾只靈動的鳥兒、幾個男孩在調(diào)皮驅(qū)趕的情景，心中頓生靈感。經(jīng)過斟酌和構(gòu)思，他將美石左前端的紅色雕刻為鳥身，將中間的黃色雕刻為枇杷，再將白色作為孩童的臉龐，黑色留點為頭發(fā)。在半年的創(chuàng)作過程中，傅國煥運用了鏤雕、全雕、高淺浮雕等多種技法，使構(gòu)圖飽滿，畫面雅致，達到了筆墨渲染的韻味，整件作品動中有靜，靜中有動，一派生機。

傅國煥最終給作品取名《守望》。他說，守望也是他的心境，守望夢想成真，守望成功的喜悅，這樣的人生是最精彩的。

筆者離開傅國煥的工作室時，他又在為一工藝品博覽會創(chuàng)作青田石雕《喜上眉梢》。作為一位工藝美術(shù)大師，傅國煥用刻刀和技藝雕刻出美好的人生。

(本文拍攝:莊穎昶)

Find Beauty in Stone

By Zhuang Yinchang

“Tidings of Spring，” a stone-carving masterpiece by Fu Guohuan， received admirable acclaim from experts at Wenzhou Exhibition for Traditional Arts and Crafts in Modern Times held from June 15 through 25， 2012.

Fu Guohuan is a master of arts and crafts certified by Wenzhou Municipal Government when the city started a process of recognizing and honoring its masters of arts and crafts. Fu has won gold， silver and bronze medals at various national and provincial arts and crafts events over years. The 50-year-old master has been in stone carving for more than 30 years.

Stone carving runs in both his mother’s family and his father’s family for generations. Born in 1962， the boy grew up seeing stone-carving people around him. His maternal grandmother， his mother and his mother’s brother were all stone-carvers in Shankou， a village where folk artists first turned local gems into stone-carving pieces and sold them to foreign consumers. Fu’s maternal grandfather， then living in France， took charge of selling the stone monkeys and arhats produced by the sculptors back at home. Fu’s paternal grandfather was also a stone carver. He lived in France for a while selling the homemade stone sculptures.

In his childhood years， the boy dabbled in stone carving. Upon graduation from high school at 17， Fu Guofang began to take professional lessons of stone carving from Ni Dongfang， his maternal uncle who had long since established himself as a national master.

Less than one year later， the talented young man was able to work independently as a master and his carvings were admirable. At 18， he was hired by a factory in Wenzhou to work as the chief stone-carver and had more than 30 employees working under his tutelage. At 19， he went to work for another employer in Jinhua. The employer soon realized that the young man was actually a much better artisan than expected. Fu was promoted to be the chief art officer. While working in Jinhua， Fu traveled extensively and the travels opened his eyes. He realized that he needed to learn more. He came back home and studied under his maternal uncle again.

The new apprenticeship lasted five years. He not only studied all the advanced skills but also took courses in traditional painting and attended some advanced training courses. The five-year study transformed him into an artist.

In 1986， Fu started his own studio， marking the real beginning of his mastership and taking in apprentices on his own.

Nowadays， Fu Guohuan leads a simple life and works hard at his carvings. Except for reading and attending exhibitions， he lives with stones. Qingtian stones inspire him. The gems can be translucent to various degrees and they can come in various colors. Fu does not confine himself to local stones， though. He also use gems from anywhere else so long as they inspire him.

A stone goes through a full range of processes before it becomes an artwork.

It usually takes Fu Guohuan at least three months to translate his inspiration in his head into a real view. In his own words， he describes his stone carving art as making embroidery on stone.