濟晏康復(fù)花園，恰姆恰馬勒，伊拉克庫爾德斯坦

建筑設(shè)計：ZRS建筑事務(wù)所

濟晏人權(quán)基金會在伊拉克庫爾德斯坦的恰姆恰馬勒開設(shè)了一座施行動物輔助療法的創(chuàng)傷治療中心。這座治療中心是建設(shè)濟晏康復(fù)花園的第一步，場地面積約35,000m2。庫爾德自治區(qū)有多個少數(shù)民族，以及占主要人口的庫爾德人，幾個世紀以來他們一直承受著壓迫和暴力的摧殘，最近遭受的迫害是來自ISIS組織，在那之前則是薩達姆政權(quán)。過去幾年，ISIS的暴力行為尚未蔓延到伊拉克北部的全部范圍，因此雅茲迪等許多少數(shù)民族逃亡到這個地區(qū)。對這里而言，一座能發(fā)揮功能的創(chuàng)傷治療機構(gòu)十分重要。研究表明，如果沒有接受治療，這些受害者的創(chuàng)傷甚至?xí)永m(xù)三代人。

“濟晏康復(fù)花園旨在為那些身心遭受傷害的人們創(chuàng)建一個可以用作治療中心的地方，同時也為當?shù)厣鐓^(qū)提供一處寶貴的開放空間。”濟晏基金會創(chuàng)始人兼主管薩拉赫·艾哈邁德博士這樣說道。

這座康復(fù)花園將在未來幾年分階段開發(fā)和建造。對于傳統(tǒng)村落建筑的重新詮釋，以及對當?shù)夭牧?、植被和動物的使用，都會有助于?chuàng)造一個體現(xiàn)出信任、自我身份和康復(fù)的空間。最近建成的一期工程是一個動物輔助治療空間。在這里，人和動物將在一個親切而放松的氣氛中相遇、交流。11個簡單的夯土體塊排列在一起，圍合出一系列內(nèi)院，創(chuàng)造了一種具有鄉(xiāng)村氣質(zhì)的環(huán)境。一個輕盈的遮陽屋頂將不同的體量連接起來，使人們可以一年到頭都能舒適地穿過場地，尤其是在夏天最炎熱的時期，那幾天溫度能達到45℃。

這座建筑使用諸如土、木材和磚等具有可持續(xù)性的當?shù)夭牧?。厚重的墻體采用自然風(fēng)干的夯土磚建造，而輕薄的屋頂則用土與麥稈混合制成。在炎熱的夏季和濕冷的冬季，這些墻和屋頂都試圖使室內(nèi)溫度保持適宜。在過去10年中，大量當?shù)亟ㄖ讳摻罨炷两Y(jié)構(gòu)的建筑取代，以至于人們對傳統(tǒng)庫爾德建筑的欣賞也逐漸減少。在很多地方，傳統(tǒng)的天然材料和建筑類型已經(jīng)被普通水泥制成的混凝土框架結(jié)構(gòu)替代。然而事實卻是，以水泥為基礎(chǔ)的材料無法提供與泥土材料相當?shù)臍夂蛘{(diào)節(jié)能力。這座康復(fù)花園通過采用傳統(tǒng)材料建造一個抗震結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)，并對當?shù)厥┕と藛T進行培訓(xùn)，鞏固了庫爾德的建筑傳統(tǒng)，并為該地區(qū)夯土建筑的未來發(fā)展提供了一個新的方向。

這個項目是ZRS建筑事務(wù)所與來自柏林工業(yè)大學(xué)和魏瑪包豪斯大學(xué)的幾名學(xué)生合作完成的。在一期工程的建設(shè)期間，學(xué)生們還為康復(fù)花園的新增功能和建筑類型進行了總體規(guī)劃和概念設(shè)計。他們的作品在2017年2月的鮑內(nèi)茨校園碩士競賽中獲得了第一名。

現(xiàn)在，含有交流中心、治療空間、烘焙工坊、工作坊以及露天劇場的二期工程正在施工。一座由BORDA支持的水處理工廠已于2017年秋季竣工。這座水處理工廠目前用于凈化流經(jīng)該地污水管內(nèi)的水，以澆灌康復(fù)花園中的植被。□（辛夢瑤 譯）

1 庭院/Courtyard

2 鳥瞰/Aerial view

項目信息/Credits and Data

客戶/Client: 濟晏人權(quán)基金會/Jiyan Foundation for Human Rights贊助/Sponsors: Misereor, Stiftung Wings of Hope, Ein Herz für Kinder（設(shè)計階段由匿名捐獻者資助/Design phase sponsored by an anonymous donor）

項目負責人/Project Leader: Marine Miroux

設(shè)計團隊/Design Team: Miriam Attallah, Pierre Lambrecht (Bauhaus-Universit?t Weimar), Leon Radeljic (TU- Berlin), Paloma Zacharias

場地監(jiān)理/Site Supervision: Leon Radeljic, Christoph Blanc

結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計與夯土建筑顧問/Structural Design and Earth Building Consultation: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Christof Ziegert, Dr.-Ing. Sara Paganoni景觀設(shè)計/Landscape Design: Gesa Diering (TU-Berlin)

當?shù)毓こ淘O(shè)計/Local Engineer: Kameran Mustapha Mohammed

項目合伙人與碩士課題指導(dǎo)/Project Partner and Master Thesis Project Supervision: Prof. Ralf Pasel, Fachgebiet Entwerfen und Baukonstruktion | CODE, TU Berlin

碩士課題指導(dǎo)/Master Thesis Project Supervision: 魏瑪包豪斯大學(xué)建筑設(shè)計教授/Professur Bauformenlehre, Bauhaus-Universit?t Weimar: Prof. Bernd Rudolf; 柏林工業(yè)大學(xué)建筑與景觀專業(yè)教授/Fachgebiet Landschaftsarchitektur.Freiraumplanung, TU Berlin: Prof.Undine Giseke

設(shè)計開始時間/Start of Design Phase: 2016.01

施工時間/Realisation: 2016.03-2016.09

總建筑面積/Gross Floor Area: 660m2

凈建筑面積/Net Floor Area: 505m2

戶外面積/Outdoor Area: 3370m2

攝影/Photos: ZRS Architekten Ingenieure

3 總平面/Site plan

4 動物輔助治療設(shè)施軸測圖/Axonometric, buildings for animal based therapy

5 動物輔助治療設(shè)施平面/Plan, buildings for animal based therapy

The Jiyan Foundation for Human Rights has opened a new centre for animal-assisted trauma therapy in Chamchamal, Kurdistan-Iraq. The centre is the first step in the realisation of the Jiyan Healing Garden on a 35,000m2site. The various ethnic minorities and Kurdish majority of the Kurdistan autonomous region have fallen victims to oppression and violence for centuries, suffering most recently at the hands of ISIS and before that regime of Sadam Hussein. Over the last few years many minorities such as the Yazidis have fled to the region before the violence being perpetrated by ISIS throughout northern Iraq. The importance of a functioning mechanism for trauma therapy has become of huge importance for the region as research indicates that without therapeutic treatment, it can take up to three generations for victims to recover from a traumatic experience.

"The aspiration for the Jiyan Healing Garden was to create a place that could function as a therapy centre for the healing of traumatised people while also providing a valuable open space for the community." Dr Salah Ahmad, Founder and Director of the Jiyan Foundation.

The Healing Garden will be developed and realised in stages over the coming years. A reinterpretation of traditional village architecture and the use of local materials, plants and animals should contribute to the creation of a space that represents trust, identity and healing. The recently completed first phase houses the animal assisted therapy spaces, where encounters between humans and animals can take place in a familiar and relaxed atmosphere. The ensemble of eleven simple earthen volumes is arranged around a series of courtyards creating a village style atmosphere. A light shading roof connects the different volumes and allows users to traverse the site in comfort throughout the year, especially during the height of summer when temperatures can reach upwards 45 degrees Celsius.

The buildings are constructed using sustainable,local materials such as earth, timber and bricks.Massive walls in air-dried earth bricks and a thin layer of earth-straw mixture on the roof serve to maintain a comfortable interior temperature during the hot summer as well as the damp winter months.Over the last ten years the vernacular Architecture has been largely displaced by reinforced concrete constructions, so much so that an appreciation for a traditional Kurdish Architecture has been dangerously eroded. In many places traditional natural materials and typologies have been replaced by generic cement based concrete frame construction, despite the fact that cement based materials cannot offer the same climate controlling properties as earthen materials. Through the use of traditional materials in an earthquake-resistant structural system and a training programme for local workers, the construction of the Healing Garden has strengthened Kurdish building traditions and suggests a direction for the future development of earthen architecture in the region.

The project was realised by ZRS Architekten Ingenieure in collaboration with a group of students from TU-Berlin and Bauhaus University Weimar.Parallel to the realisation of the fi rst building phase,a group of students developed the masterplan and the concept for the further functions and building typologies of the Healing Garden. Their work was awarded first place in the Baunetz Campus Master Competition for February 2017.

Currently the second building phase, consisting of a community centre, therapy space, a bakery, workshops and an open air theatre are under construction. A water treatment plant, supported by BORDA, was completed in autumn 2017. The plant is cleaning the water of many sewage pipes that traverse the site to provide water for the plants of the Healing Garden.□

6-8 各屋通過屋頂相連/Buildings are conected by roofs

9-12 各屋立面/Elevations of all buildings

13-16 各屋平面/Plans of all buildings

17 2號屋/Building 2

18 3號屋與4號屋/Building 3 & 4

19-23 5號屋/Building 5

評論

張路峰：這是一處在動蕩社會中營造的伊甸園，為戰(zhàn)亂中的兒童提供一處撫慰心靈的場所，而動物在其中充當了重要的角色，因為這些沉默的朋友比某些人類更友好、更可靠。動物房舍采用了村落的布局，單體設(shè)計看似簡單，其實很好地應(yīng)對了當?shù)貤l件：土坯磚就地取材，厚墻調(diào)節(jié)氣候，現(xiàn)澆圈梁抗震，麥稈泥漿屋面……這些接近原始棚屋的做法適用、堅固、經(jīng)濟，并在可能的條件下注意了美觀，而穿插其間的游廊系統(tǒng)為人（兒童）提供了遮陽庇護。在這里，建筑學(xué)被打回了原形，回歸了本體。

何可人：以養(yǎng)殖動物和接近自然作為心理康復(fù)是好的手段，然而這個案例不僅僅是給動物蓋個房子那么簡單。國外基金會主導(dǎo)項目的策略通常都是從一個專項點出發(fā)，然后整體性地、全方位地綜合考慮一個項目。需要考慮主導(dǎo)思想、實行手段、資金籌措、運營策略方法和可持續(xù)性發(fā)展等諸多因素，在這些考慮中基金會的主導(dǎo)思想則會貫穿始終。比如說，這個案例是從動物輔助理療為出發(fā)點，在建造上使用當?shù)夭牧虾图夹g(shù)，在文化上恢復(fù)傳統(tǒng)的村落格局，農(nóng)耕文化和人居環(huán)境，都是全方位的思維方式。分期建設(shè)也有利于逐漸總結(jié)經(jīng)驗，調(diào)整運營策略。

Comments

ZHANG Lufeng: It is a Garden of Eden created in the middle of a turbulent society, which provides a hearthealing space for children living in war. Animals play an important role in this design, because these silent friends are more friendly and reliable than certain people. The houses for animals are set in an layout of a village that seems simple but corresponds to the local conditions in a fi ne way: the materials for adobe bricks are obtained from the local area, the thick wall can adjust the temperature, the cast-in-place ring beam is antiseismic, the wheat straw mud on house surface...all these methods applied on primitive shanty are suitable, strong, and economical. Moreover, the design also values the aesthetic perception under possible conditions. And the corridors crossing between the architectural space provide shelters for people(children). Here, the science of architecture returns to its original form and root.

HE Keren: Contacting the nature while nurturing animals could be a good and effective trauma therapy.While this project is more than building shelters for animals. Usually the work by charity will begin with a professional or humanitarian starting point, and then carries out a project with a holistic approach. There are always important considerations such as main philosophy,operational strategy, funding method, sustainability, etc.For instance, this healing garden project starts with the animal therapy, and then by utilising local materials and traditional building technique, it rebuilds the tradition of agriculture and human habitat. It is a matter of holistic tactics. The phasing process in building also helps to learn and adjust strategies gradually.

24-25 庭院/Courtyard

26 夯土磚砌法/Earth block laying

27 墻體中的通風(fēng)開口細部/Detail, wall opening for ventilation

28-30 施工現(xiàn)場/Construction site