單項(xiàng)選擇題是歷年高考的必考題型,它考查學(xué)生對(duì)詞匯、語法、詞義辨析、習(xí)慣用法的掌握及綜合運(yùn)用語言的能力。筆者對(duì)許多考生在這方面所犯的典型錯(cuò)誤進(jìn)行了分析,并總結(jié)了一些相應(yīng)的解題策略,希望對(duì)同學(xué)們2013年的高考能有所幫助。
一、單詞用法及各種選項(xiàng)掌握不全,只知其一,不知其二。這類錯(cuò)誤常出現(xiàn)在詞語辨析類題目中。
例1. —Can I help you with it?
—I appreciate your______, but I can manage it myself.(2012江蘇卷21)
A. adviceB. question
C. offer D. idea
【點(diǎn)撥】 該題考點(diǎn)為名詞詞義辨析。本題句意為:——我可以幫你嗎?——我很感激你的提議 (offer),但我自己能設(shè)法做的。offer意為“提議”,符合題意。A項(xiàng)意為“建議,勸告”;B項(xiàng)意為“問題”;D項(xiàng)意為“想法,主意”。答案為C。
例2. —OK, I've had enough of it. I give up.
—You can't______your responsibilities. (2012江蘇卷26)
A. run off with B. run up against
C. run out of D. run away from
【點(diǎn)撥】 該題考點(diǎn)為動(dòng)詞短語辨析。run off with意為“偷走;與……私奔”;run up against意為“偶遇”;run out of意為“用完”;run away from意為“逃離,躲避”。句意為:——好了,我已受夠了,我放棄。——你不能逃避你的責(zé)任。根據(jù)句意,答案應(yīng)選D項(xiàng)。
【策略】 我們平時(shí)在記憶單詞時(shí),一定要全面掌握該單詞的詞性、一詞多義以及詞的用法。然后還要注意其在語境當(dāng)中的正確運(yùn)用,這一點(diǎn)往往非常關(guān)鍵。
二、句型掌握不到位,語法結(jié)構(gòu)分析不透徹,造成對(duì)句子的意思掌握不清。這類錯(cuò)誤出現(xiàn)在對(duì)復(fù)合句考查的題目中。
例3. After the flooding, people were suffering in that area,_________urgently needed clean water, medicine and shelter to survive. (2012江蘇卷22)
A. which B. who
C. where D. what
【點(diǎn)撥】 該題考點(diǎn)為定語從句。引導(dǎo)該從句的關(guān)系代詞有6個(gè),它們是who. whom, whose, that, which和as;還有3個(gè)關(guān)系副詞,它們是when, where和why。首先可排除D選項(xiàng)。找準(zhǔn)先行詞是解題的關(guān)鍵。先行詞people指人,在非限制性定語從句中充當(dāng)主語,所以用關(guān)系代詞who引導(dǎo)。故選B項(xiàng)。
例4. One's life has value______one brings value to the life of others. (2012江蘇卷30)
A. so that B. no matter how
C. as long asD. except that
【點(diǎn)撥】 該題考點(diǎn)為狀語從句中的從屬連詞。as long as意為“只要”,引導(dǎo)時(shí)間或條件狀語從句;so that意為“以便,因此”,引導(dǎo)目的或結(jié)果狀語從句;no matter how意為“不管怎樣”=however,引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句;except that意為“除了”。該題句意為:只要一個(gè)人能給別人的生活帶來價(jià)值,那么他的生命就有價(jià)值。根據(jù)題意,應(yīng)選C項(xiàng)。
【策略】 要學(xué)會(huì)正確分析句子,特別是結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜的復(fù)合句和并列句。由于近幾年高考試題中簡單句出現(xiàn)很少,這就要求我們平時(shí)要養(yǎng)成經(jīng)常分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)和句子成分的好習(xí)慣,不斷提高這一方面的解題能力。
三、語法規(guī)則掌握不透,定位不準(zhǔn),只知其表,不知其里。這類錯(cuò)誤往往出現(xiàn)在情景對(duì)話題中。
例5. —Don't worry, Mum. The doctor said it was only the flu.
—________! I'll tell Dad there's nothing serious. (2012江蘇卷24)
A. What a relief B. Congratulations
C. How surprising D. I'm so sorry
【點(diǎn)撥】 該題考點(diǎn)為情景對(duì)話。該句句意為:——媽媽,別擔(dān)心。醫(yī)生說只是流感?!铱梢运煽跉饬?。我要告訴爸爸沒有什么嚴(yán)重的。A項(xiàng)意為“可以松口氣了?!?表示安慰,符合語境;B項(xiàng)意為“祝賀”;C項(xiàng)意為“多么令人驚訝啊”;D項(xiàng)意為“我很抱歉”。根據(jù)句意,應(yīng)選A項(xiàng)。
例6. —Honey, the cat's stuck in the tree. Can you turn off the TV and get a ladder...?
—Oh, it jumped off._______.(2012江蘇卷33)
A. Never mind B. All right
C. No problemD. Take care
【點(diǎn)撥】 該題考點(diǎn)為情景對(duì)話。A項(xiàng)意為“別介意,別放在心上”;B項(xiàng)意為“好吧”;C項(xiàng)意為“沒問題”;D項(xiàng)意為“當(dāng)心”。該句句意為:——親愛的,那只貓被困在樹上。你可以關(guān)電視,拿梯子……?——哦,它會(huì)跳下來。別放在心上。前面是在擔(dān)心,故后面是安慰,故選A項(xiàng)。
【策略】 要求我們根據(jù)情景提供的信息來仔細(xì)分析句子的主干,同時(shí)還要注意該題考查的場(chǎng)合,也就是語氣。這時(shí)一定要注意其發(fā)生的地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間和人物等,盡量從語境中挖掘出其內(nèi)涵。
四、審題時(shí)麻痹大意,犯經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義錯(cuò)誤。這類錯(cuò)誤分布比較分散。
例7. Sophia waited for a reply, but_________came. (2012江蘇卷23)
A. either B. another
C. neither D. none
【點(diǎn)撥】 該題考點(diǎn)為代詞辨析。該題句意為:Sophia等候答復(fù),但沒有任何答復(fù)。根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折連詞but可知,此處應(yīng)用表示否定意義的代詞,所以排除A項(xiàng)和B項(xiàng)。neither意為“兩者都不”;none意為“三者或三者以上都不”。根據(jù)前半句中的“a reply”提示可知,故選D項(xiàng)。
例8. There is little doubt in your mind that he is innocent,_________? (2012江蘇卷25)
A. is thereB. isn't there
C. is he D. isn't he
【點(diǎn)撥】 該題考點(diǎn)為M1U3語法——反意疑問句。復(fù)合句的反意疑問句應(yīng)該和主句保持一致。在該題中不應(yīng)該和同位語從句一致。根據(jù)前面there be句型中含有否定意義的詞或半否定詞little(neither / none / nobody / nothing / little / few / never / hardly / scarcely / seldom),所以反意疑問句用肯定形式,其主謂應(yīng)與陳述部分的主謂保持一致,故選A項(xiàng)。
例9. —Thank God you're safe!
—I stepped back, just_________to avoid the racing car.(2012江蘇卷29)
A. in timeB. in case
C. in need D. in vain
【點(diǎn)撥】 該題考點(diǎn)為介詞短語。in time意為“及時(shí),恰好,趕上”,in case意為“萬一,假使”;in need意為“需要”;in vain意為“徒勞,無濟(jì)于事”。句意為:——謝天謝地,你是安全的!——我走回去,正好避免賽車。答案為A。
【策略】 平時(shí)在做題時(shí),要注意養(yǎng)成分析、研究的好習(xí)慣,切忌死背答案,更不能望文生義,做題時(shí)一定要耐心細(xì)致,把題干和選項(xiàng)的全部信息盡收腦中,然后正確分析、對(duì)比,確定出題者的意圖,進(jìn)而選出正確答案。
五、受母語干擾、影響而選錯(cuò)答案。這類錯(cuò)誤常出現(xiàn)在對(duì)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的考查題目中。
例10. Days later, my brother called to say he was all right, but_________say where he was.(2012江蘇卷28)
A. mustn'tB. shouldn't
C. wouldn'tD. mightn't
【點(diǎn)撥】 該題考點(diǎn)為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。mustn't意為“禁止”;shouldn't意為“不應(yīng)該”;wouldn't意為“不愿意”;mightn't意為“或許不”。 該題句意為:幾天后,我哥哥打電話說他一切很好,但不愿意說他在哪兒。根據(jù)句意可知,應(yīng)選C項(xiàng)。
例11. —Happy birthday!
—Thank you! It's the best present I_________for.(2012江蘇卷35)
A. should have wished
B. must have wished
C. may have wished
D. could have wished
【點(diǎn)撥】 該題考點(diǎn)為“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+完成式”表示對(duì)過去的某一動(dòng)作的肯定推測(cè)。A項(xiàng)意為“本應(yīng)該期望而實(shí)際上并非如此”;B項(xiàng)意為“一定希望”;C項(xiàng)意為“也許希望”;D項(xiàng)意為“可能希望”。該題句意為:——生日快樂!——謝謝你!這是我所能期望的最好的禮物了。根據(jù)句意可知,應(yīng)選D項(xiàng)。另外“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+一般式”表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在的某一狀態(tài)的肯定推測(cè)。例如:Tom must be in his room.湯姆肯定在他的房間里?!扒閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞+進(jìn)行式”表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在此時(shí)此刻的某一動(dòng)作的肯定推測(cè)。例如:Listen! Mary must be playing the piano.聽!瑪麗想必正在彈鋼琴。
【策略】 首先要掌握每個(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法,然后就是一定要在其基本用法上結(jié)合上下文,特別是注意中西文化背景的不同,再進(jìn)行反復(fù)認(rèn)證。最后確定答案,既要符合該情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的具體用法,又要符合背景設(shè)置。
六、綜合運(yùn)用語言的能力欠缺,這類錯(cuò)誤常出現(xiàn)在非謂語動(dòng)詞和時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)的考查題目中。
例12. The manager is said to have arrived back from Paris where he_________some European partners.(2012江蘇卷32)
A. would meet B. is meeting
C. meets D. had met
【點(diǎn)撥】 該題考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)。根據(jù)句中“is said to have arrived”可知,arrive這個(gè)動(dòng)作是在過去發(fā)生的,而定語從句中的動(dòng)作meet則在arrive的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生的,即在過去的過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,所以用過去完成時(shí),故選D項(xiàng)。
例13. The president hopes that the people will be better off when he quits than when he_________.(2012江蘇卷34)
A. has started B. starts
C. startedD. will start
【點(diǎn)撥】 該題考點(diǎn)為動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)。該題句意為:這位總統(tǒng)希望人民在他離任時(shí)比他剛上任時(shí)更富有。根據(jù)句意,總統(tǒng)開始上任是過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,所以用一般過去時(shí)。故選C項(xiàng)。易錯(cuò)分析:考生容易根據(jù)when he quits而誤選B項(xiàng)。事實(shí)上when he quits中的quits是用了一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)來代替一般將來時(shí)。
【策略】 首先應(yīng)該加強(qiáng)不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞以及時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的單項(xiàng)基本功的訓(xùn)練。隨著高三復(fù)習(xí)的推進(jìn),充分利用比較法對(duì)非謂語動(dòng)詞和時(shí)語態(tài)進(jìn)行有效的綜合訓(xùn)練,最后一定要對(duì)近三年全國20套高考卷尤其是江蘇卷對(duì)該兩項(xiàng)試題以及命題的角度和難度進(jìn)行分析。
小試牛刀
1. Carl is studying food science at college and hopes to open up_______meat processing factory of his own one day.
A. /; a B. /; the
C. the; a D. the; the
2. —May I help you? You seem to be having some problems.
—_____, thanks. I think I can manage.
A. All right B. No problem
C. It's all right D. There's no way
3. Interest is as_______to learning as the ability to understand, even more so.
A. vital B. available
C. specific D. similar
4. I remembered_______the door before I left the office, but forgot to turn off the lights.
A. locking B. to lock
C. having locked D. to have locked
5. You can change your job, you can move house, but friendship is meant to be __________life.
A. of B. on
C. to D. for
6. In order to find the missing child, villagers_________all they can over the past five hours.
A. did B. do
C. had done D. have been doing
7. The limits of a person's intelligence, generally speaking, are fixed at birth, but______he reaches these limits will depend on his environment.
A. where B. whether
C. that D. why
8. The athlete's years of hard training_______when she finally won the Olympic gold medal.
A. went on B. got through
C. paid off D. ended up
9. A lot of language learning,_________has been discovered, is happening in the first year of life, so parents should talk much to their children during that period.
A. as B. it
C. which D. this
10. When_________for his views about his teaching job, Philip said he found it very interesting and rewarding.
A. asking B. asked
C. having asked D. to be asked
11. Grace doesn't want to move to New York because she thinks if she___________there, she wouldn't be able to see her parents very often.
A. lives B. would live
C. having asked D. were to live
12. —I love the Internet. I've come to know many friends on the Net.
—_________. Few of them would become your real friends.
A. That's for sure
B. It's not the case
C. I couldn't agree more
D. I'm pleased to know that
參考答案
1—5 ACAAD6—10 DBCAB11—12 DB
(作者:吳濤,南京市第三高級(jí)中學(xué))