丟掉壞習(xí)慣,快速閱讀

自上學(xué)之日起，我們已經(jīng)參加過無數(shù)次的英語考試。你有沒有覺得考試時(shí)間不夠用呢？很多時(shí)間是不是都浪費(fèi)在閱讀理解題中呢？

我們先來做一個(gè)小總結(jié)，看看你是不是有以下這些壞習(xí)慣。

如果你有上述兩個(gè)或者兩個(gè)以上的閱讀壞習(xí)慣，就不難理解你為什么覺得考試時(shí)間不夠用了。要想提高閱讀速度，要做的第一件事就是丟掉壞習(xí)慣。想要丟掉壞習(xí)慣，最好的方法就是養(yǎng)成好習(xí)慣。

上述的閱讀好習(xí)慣，只有“猜讀”和“跳讀”比較難養(yǎng)成。上期已經(jīng)詳細(xì)介紹過“猜讀”的具體方法，本期不再贅述。那么，你知道如何“跳讀”嗎？想要養(yǎng)成跳讀的好習(xí)慣，一定要有一個(gè)正確的認(rèn)識(shí)——對(duì)于那些看不懂的單詞、句子，就是單獨(dú)看上十遍、百遍，你也未必能理解。因此，把時(shí)間花在你能讀懂的內(nèi)容上，對(duì)于看不懂的內(nèi)容，應(yīng)當(dāng)迅速跳過。

我們首先要掌握跳讀的閱讀順序。

第一步：串讀。速讀文章后所有的問題，包括選項(xiàng)。通過這樣的操作，我們不僅能夠根據(jù)問題來串聯(lián)文章的大部分主體內(nèi)容，而且也便于閱讀文章時(shí)留意文中出現(xiàn)的與選項(xiàng)有關(guān)的信息。

第二步：揀讀。揀讀，顧名思義就是挑揀一些句子來讀。一般是飛速閱讀文章第一段的第一句（視段落長(zhǎng)短，偶爾加第二句），末段的第一句和最后一句，其余段開頭第一句，比照串讀時(shí)所獲的內(nèi)容信息。

第三步：略讀。用很快的速度瀏覽全文。最重要的是可以定位“串讀”中涉及的問題的位置。

第四步：尋讀。帶著問題到文中尋讀，“定位”答案。

第五步：精讀。偶爾定位后不能確定者，需要精讀“定位區(qū)”附近兩三句甚至全段。

下面我們結(jié)合實(shí)例來解讀跳讀法。

【典例1】（2011年全國卷Ⅰ#8226;A篇）When milk arrived on the doorstep

When I was a boy growing up in New Jersey in the 1960s，we had a milkman delivering milk to our doorstep．His name was Mr．Basille．He wore a white cap and drove a white truck．As a 5-year-old boy，I couldn’ t take my eyes off the coin changer fixed to his belt．He noticed this one day during a delivery and gave me a quarter out of his coin changer．

Of course，he delivered more than milk．There was cheese，eggs and so on．If we needed to change our order，my mother would pen a note—“Please add a bottle of buttermilk next delivery” —and place it in the box along with the empty bottles．And then，the buttermilk would magically(魔術(shù)般)appear．

All of this was about more than convenience. There existed a close relationship between families and their milkmen．Mr．Basille even had a key to our house，for those times when it was so cold outside that we put the box indoors，so that the milk wouldn’ t freeze．And I remember Mr．Basille from time to time taking a break at our kitchen table，having a cup of tea and telling stories about his delivery．

There is sadly no home milk delivery today．Big companies allowed the production of cheaper milk， thus making it difficult for milkmen to compete (競(jìng)爭(zhēng)). Besides，milk is for sale everywhere，and it may just not have been practical to have a delivery service．

Recently， an old milk box in the countryside I saw brought back my childhood memories．I took it home and planted it on the back porch(門廊)．Every so often my son's friends will ask what it is．So I start telling stories of my boyhood，and of the milkman who brought us friendship along with his milk．

1.Mr．Basille gave the boy a quarter out of his coin changer______．

A．to show his magical power

B．to pay for the delivery

C．to satisfy his curiosity

D．to please his mother

2.What can be inferred from the fact that the milkman had the key to the boy’ s house?

A．He wanted to have tea there．

B．He was a respectable person．

C．He was treated as a family member．

D．He was fully trusted by the family．

3.Why does home milk delivery no longer exist?

A．Nobody wants to be a milkman now．

B．It has been driven out of the market．

C．It has service is getting poor．

D．It is forbidden by law．

4.Why did the author bring back home an old milk box?

A．He missed the good old days．

B．He wanted to tell interesting stories．

C．He needed it for his milk bottles．

D．He planted flowers in it．

在串讀之前，如果文章有標(biāo)題，一定要先看文章標(biāo)題，這樣可以大致定位內(nèi)容的范圍。文章的標(biāo)題是When milk arrived on the doorstep——牛奶送到家門口的那些時(shí)候。

第一步：串讀。把文章后面的問題（包括各個(gè)選項(xiàng)）迅速串讀一遍。在串聯(lián)的過程中，要適當(dāng)?shù)剡M(jìn)行一些猜想，進(jìn)而通過問題把文章串起來。

1.Mr．Basille給男孩一枚硬幣是為什么？①為了顯示他的魔法能力。②支付運(yùn)費(fèi)。③滿足男孩的好奇心。④取悅男孩的媽媽。由此可知，Mr. Basille可能就是送牛奶的人。按照常理來說，他沒有什么魔法功能，送牛奶的人也不需要支付運(yùn)費(fèi)?！叭偰泻⒌膵寢尅辈惶纤枷氲赖碌臉?biāo)準(zhǔn)，屬于消極型選項(xiàng)，一般不選。因此，我們可以大致猜到Mr．Basille給男孩一枚硬幣是了滿足男孩的好奇心。

2.為什么送奶工有男孩家的鑰匙？①他想在房間里面喝茶。②他是一個(gè)值得尊敬的人。③他得到像家人一樣的待遇。④他得到這個(gè)家庭的高度信任。首先，不是值得尊敬的人就可以擁有別人家的鑰匙?？梢耘懦粋€(gè)選項(xiàng)。送奶工有男孩家的鑰匙，至少說明了送奶工與男孩一家關(guān)系融洽。

3.為什么后來沒有牛奶配送員了？①因?yàn)闆]有人愿意做送奶工。②因?yàn)樗麄円呀?jīng)被擠出了市場(chǎng)。③他們的服務(wù)越來越差了。④這是被法律禁止的。按常理來說，被法律禁止的可能性較小。

4.為什么作者帶了一個(gè)舊的牛奶盒回家？①他懷念舊日的美好時(shí)光。②他想說一個(gè)有趣的故事。③他需要這個(gè)盒子來裝牛奶。④他要在盒子里種花。

在還沒有讀文章的內(nèi)容之前，僅僅在是在串讀問題這一步中，從第二個(gè)問題開始，我們就能體會(huì)到作者的感情。送奶工有男孩家的鑰匙，說明他們關(guān)系不錯(cuò)；后來沒有了送奶工，小男孩可能會(huì)覺得遺憾、難過，因?yàn)樽詈笠粋€(gè)問題提到作者（小男孩）帶了一個(gè)舊的牛奶盒回家。

其實(shí)在串讀這一步驟中，文章的感情基調(diào)、情節(jié)發(fā)展、文章主旨都大致明朗了。接下來主要就是通過“揀讀”來確定答案。

第二步：揀讀。也就是讀懂每段文章開頭的第一句話以及文章最后一句話：當(dāng)我還是個(gè)小男孩的時(shí)候，我們有一個(gè)送奶工送牛奶到我們的家門口（第一段）；當(dāng)然，他不僅僅送牛奶（第二段）；這不僅僅是生活方便了，更多的是一個(gè)家庭和送奶工們建立了相互信任的關(guān)系（第三段，在這一句里，我們可以判斷第2小題的答案為C——送奶工得到家庭的信任）；很遺憾，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)沒有送奶工了（第四段）；最近，我在鄉(xiāng)下帶回了一個(gè)舊的牛奶箱，它也帶回了我兒時(shí)的記憶（最后一段，通過讀這一句，我們也能夠判斷第4小題的答案為A——作者懷念舊時(shí)的美好時(shí)光）。

第三步：略讀。通過揀讀之后，還剩下第1小題和第3小題沒有得到解答。這時(shí)候我們可以大致瀏覽文章內(nèi)容。

第四步：尋讀。通過略讀后，我們找到了第1小題和第3小題在文中的具體位置。此時(shí)只要“定位”閱讀細(xì)節(jié)即可。第1小題的具體位置在第一段最后兩句：As a 5-year-old boy，I couldn’ t take my eyes off the coin changer fixed to his belt．He noticed this one day during a delivery and gave me a quarter out of his coin changer．作者當(dāng)時(shí)只是一個(gè)五歲的小孩，眼睛一直盯著送奶工腰部的找零錢的袋子看，應(yīng)該是很好奇里面裝的是什么東西。于是送奶工就送給他一枚25美分的硬幣，這是為了滿足男孩的好奇心。第3小題的具體位置在第四段，通過瀏覽整段的內(nèi)容，可以知道是形勢(shì)發(fā)生了變化——牛奶價(jià)格便宜了，銷售普及了，送奶的工作就變得不實(shí)際了。因此，送奶這一行被市場(chǎng)淘汰了。

至此，答案已經(jīng)全部揭曉。有人會(huì)問：那么第五步呢？那是因?yàn)椴恍枰谖宀搅?。其?shí)不僅僅是不需要第五步，很多時(shí)候往往只是需要第一步和第二步。這就是看你會(huì)不會(huì)串讀，敢不敢跳過。

可能又會(huì)有讀者持有懷疑：是不是文章太簡(jiǎn)單了，才能使用這個(gè)方法？我們可以再來看另一個(gè)例子。

【典例2】（2011年高考天津卷·C篇）An idea that started in Seattle's public library has spread throughout America and beyond．The concept is simple：help to build a sense of community in a city by getting everyone to read the same book at the same time．

In addition to encouraging reading as a pursuit (追求) to be enjoyed by all， the program allows strangers to communicate by discussing the book on the bus， as well as promoting reading as an experience to be shared in families and schools．The idea came from Seattle librarian Nancy Pearl who launched (發(fā)起) the “If All of Seattle Read the Same Book” project in 1998．Her original program used author visits， study guides and book discussion groups to bring people together with a book， but the idea has since expanded to many other American cities， and even to Hong kong．

In Chicago， the mayor (市長(zhǎng)) appeared on television to announce the choice of To Kill a Mockingbird as the first book in the “One Book， One Chicago” program．As a result， reading clubs and neighborhood groups sprang up around the city．Across the US， stories emerged of parents and children reading to each other at night and strangers chatting away on the bus about plot and character.

The only problem arose in New York， where local readers could not decide on one book to represent the huge and diverse population．This may show that the idea works best in medium-sized cities or large towns， where a greater sense of unity(一致）can be achieved．Or it may show that New Yorkers rather missed the point， putting all their energy and passion into the choice of the book rather than into discussion about a book itself．

ultimately， as Nancy points out， the level of success is not measured by how many people read a book， but by how many people are enriched by the process or have enjoyed speaking to someone with whom they would not otherwise have shared a word．

5.What is the purpose of the project launched by Nancy?

A.To invite authors to guide readers．

B.To encourage people to read and share．

C.To involve people in community service．

D.To promote the friendship between cities．

6.Why was it difficult for New Yorkers to carry out the project?

A.They had little interest in reading．

B.They were too busy to read a book．

C.They came from many different backgrounds．

D.They lacked support from the local government．

7.According to the passage， where would the project be more easily carried out?

A.In large communities with little sense of unity．

B.In large cities where libraries are far from home．

C.In medium-sized cities with a diverse population．

D.In large towns where agreement can be quickly reached．

8.The underlined words“shared a word”in Paragraph 5 probably mean ．

A.exchanged ideas with each other

B.discussed the meaning of a word

C.gained life experience

D.used the same language

9.According to Nacy，the degree of success of the project is judged by ．

A.the careful selection of a proper book

B.the growing popularity of the writers

C.the number of people who benefit from reading

D.the number of books that each person reads

第一步：串讀。

5.Nancy為什么推行這個(gè)項(xiàng)目？①邀請(qǐng)作者指導(dǎo)閱讀。②鼓勵(lì)人們閱讀與分享。③服務(wù)大眾。④促進(jìn)城市的友情。由此可知，Nancy推行的項(xiàng)目可能與讀書有關(guān)。

6.為什么這個(gè)項(xiàng)目在紐約難以實(shí)施？①他們沒興趣讀書。②他們太忙沒有時(shí)間讀書。③他們有不同的背景。④他們?nèi)狈φ闹С?。再次提到閱讀，由此可以斷定，這個(gè)項(xiàng)目一定與閱讀相關(guān)。

7.這個(gè)項(xiàng)目在哪里更容易實(shí)施。①在團(tuán)結(jié)的大社區(qū)。②在圖書館離家遠(yuǎn)的大城市。③在人口多的中型城市。④在人們更容易達(dá)成統(tǒng)一意見的大城市。比較第6題和第7題：人口多，不一定容易實(shí)施，比如紐約，它的人口很多，但還是難以實(shí)施。

8. shared a word是什么意思？①交流想法。②討論一個(gè)詞的意思。③獲得生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)。④使用相同的語言。單單看share就知道有分享、交流的意思，再串讀第5小題的B選項(xiàng)——鼓勵(lì)人們閱讀與分享，很容易就可以猜想到兩個(gè)小題的答案。

9.對(duì)于Nancy而言，這個(gè)項(xiàng)目怎么樣才能算成功？①人們能選擇一本合適的書。②作者的增長(zhǎng)數(shù)量。③從閱讀中受益的人數(shù)。④每個(gè)人讀的書的數(shù)量。串讀第5和第8小題，基本上可以猜測(cè)這個(gè)項(xiàng)目的目的是為了讓更多的人閱讀與分享，讓更多的人從中受益。那么可以猜測(cè)第9小題的答案可能是C。

第二步：揀讀?？纱_定第5、6、7、8、9題的答案。

為了證實(shí)串讀時(shí)的猜測(cè)，此時(shí)可以揀讀文章各段落的首句。始于西雅圖公共圖書館的一個(gè)想法已擴(kuò)散到美國各個(gè)地方（第一段）；為了鼓勵(lì)大家閱讀，并在各個(gè)場(chǎng)合討論同一本書，同時(shí)讓閱讀作為一種在學(xué)校和家庭流行的經(jīng)驗(yàn)分享方式（第二段，從這里可以判斷出第5小題的答案為B——鼓勵(lì)大家交流與分享）；唯一的問題發(fā)生在紐約，因?yàn)闊o法選定一本能夠代表巨大而多樣化人口的書給讀者閱讀（第四段，至此可以判斷第6題的答案為C——人口多、背景復(fù)雜，也就是眾口難調(diào)。也可以判斷第7題的答案為D——在那種人們的意見更容易統(tǒng)一的城市更容易實(shí)施）；南希認(rèn)為項(xiàng)目的成功不在于有多少人讀了這本書，而在于有多少人從此喜歡閱讀并樂于與人分享（最后一段，至此，我們又可以確定第9小題的答案為C——受益的人數(shù)）。

其實(shí)，很多文章只要進(jìn)行到第二步就可以完成做題了。為什么？因?yàn)槲覀兊谝徊骄屯ㄟ^“串讀”問題來獲得了大體意思，并且將文章的一些主要結(jié)構(gòu)串聯(lián)起來了，然后“揀讀”則進(jìn)一步幫助我們比照了意義，意義一重疊，答案自然水落石出。

此外，建議考生在串讀的時(shí)候，將每個(gè)題干的大致意思寫在題干旁邊，這些意思能夠讓你快速組建文章框架。

你也來體會(huì)一下“跳讀”的樂趣吧。