巫少飛
在摸索的痛苦中,他發(fā)現(xiàn)了同樣浸潤在痛苦中的卡夫卡;通過譯介這位西方現(xiàn)代派文學(xué)宗師的作品,顯示了自己的藝術(shù)慧眼和翻譯思想。他就是浙江衢州籍學(xué)者葉廷芳。
人有病,天知否?
在北京葉廷芳家中,我遲疑地盯著他左臂的空袖管,試圖找到某種關(guān)聯(lián):這位身體殘疾且多病的學(xué)者是如何與“現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)的探險(xiǎn)者”卡夫卡聯(lián)系起來的?而我之所以遲疑,是因?yàn)檫^多地強(qiáng)調(diào)葉廷芳的殘疾,可能會掩蓋他真正的精神探索。
兒時(shí)的過往細(xì)事,可能是未來生命的某些隱性征兆。當(dāng)卡夫卡覺得自己在家里“比一個(gè)陌生人還要陌生”,當(dāng)卡夫卡的事業(yè)、愛好不能被家人及同時(shí)代所理解時(shí),許多年后,葉先生說:“我的陌生,也是一種‘異化。在三個(gè)男孩子中,因?yàn)楸容^聰明,父親很喜歡我。但是,我的手臂受傷后,從家里的希望變成家里的累贅。這樣,他的態(tài)度就發(fā)生改變,不是更加愛護(hù)我,而是把我當(dāng)作負(fù)擔(dān),好像給他丟了臉。他的惱怒和痛苦經(jīng)常會表現(xiàn)出來,使我在他的面前總是戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)兢兢?!?/p>
以后,葉廷芳成為譯介卡夫卡于中國學(xué)界的第一人時(shí),與卡夫卡的“精神相遇”不能不說是一種契機(jī)。所不同的是,葉廷芳把這種精神提升到人類的自省與批判世界的途徑。
譯介卡夫卡
葉廷芳生于1936年,上世紀(jì)50年代上衢州一中,后入北京大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)德語。
“文革”前一兩年,有一系列‘黃皮書,如迪倫馬特的《老婦還鄉(xiāng)》、卡夫卡的《審判及其他》、塞林格的《麥田里的守望者》等,以‘供內(nèi)部參考的方式出版?!比~先生回憶:“那時(shí),我奉命編輯一個(gè)內(nèi)部的‘文藝?yán)碚撟g叢,主要介紹西方的現(xiàn)代派文學(xué),以及一些有代表性的文學(xué)的爭論或評論?!?/p>
1972年,葉廷芳在北京外文書店的倉庫里發(fā)現(xiàn)了正被廉價(jià)清理的前民主德國出版的《卡夫卡小說集》,那時(shí)他就萌發(fā)了從德文翻譯的念頭,但當(dāng)時(shí)的政治環(huán)境,使他無奈地?cái)R置譯書的計(jì)劃。
1978年,葉廷芳終于有機(jī)會實(shí)現(xiàn)自己的宿愿。他一邊翻譯卡夫卡作品,一邊著文介紹卡夫卡。
翻譯之初,葉廷芳多半出于自己的藝術(shù)興趣和愛好,還認(rèn)識不到卡夫卡在德語界乃至世界文學(xué)中的崇高地位;隨著研究工作的深入,他充分認(rèn)識到卡夫卡是“現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)的探險(xiǎn)者”。不久,當(dāng)葉廷芳聽說卡夫卡的威望已超過被視為20世紀(jì)德語文學(xué)泰斗的托馬斯·曼時(shí),他決定全身心投于卡夫卡作品的翻譯和研究。
迄今,葉廷芳有30余種卡夫卡研究著譯,其中包括主編并參與翻譯《卡夫卡全集》、選編研究資料集《論卡夫卡》。卡夫卡對中國文學(xué)創(chuàng)作的影響不小,例如,作家余華就曾感嘆:“原來也可以(如卡夫卡)這樣寫小說?!?/p>
發(fā)現(xiàn)“悖謬”
在當(dāng)今中國,迪倫馬特已成為作品上演率最高的外國劇作家之一,而最早引進(jìn)他的就是葉廷芳。“上世紀(jì)70年代末期,人民文學(xué)出版社看到我的第一個(gè)譯本《物理學(xué)家》,就主動約我翻譯《迪倫馬特喜劇選》。我……于上世紀(jì)80年代去了瑞士迪倫馬特家中拜訪了他……上世紀(jì)90年代,擁有迪倫馬特全部版權(quán)的蘇黎世第奧根尼出版社一口氣送給我56本迪倫馬特的書和有關(guān)迪倫馬特的著作,并邀請我赴瑞士訪問了4個(gè)月?!?/p>
“迪倫馬特的作品與卡夫卡的作品有著內(nèi)在的聯(lián)系,有很多可比性。幸運(yùn)的是,我很快發(fā)現(xiàn)了這兩位作家創(chuàng)作的秘訣都是‘悖謬,我花了一些工夫,領(lǐng)悟到這一秘訣的奧秘,并大加宣揚(yáng),使國內(nèi)不少作家受到啟悟,創(chuàng)作出了成功的作品?!?/p>
葉廷芳深知文學(xué)翻譯的艱難與奧秘。他說,文學(xué)翻譯是所有翻譯中難度最大的一種,搞文學(xué)翻譯的至少要過四道關(guān):外語關(guān)、知識關(guān)、母語關(guān)、悟性關(guān)。他深諳翻譯功夫不在文字轉(zhuǎn)換、而要以文學(xué)研究為基礎(chǔ)的道理。在翻譯時(shí),他誠心向各相關(guān)學(xué)科專家請教各種科學(xué)術(shù)語,尤其是對書中的核心概念反復(fù)琢磨。他對翻譯書名也非常講究,認(rèn)為改名絕非隨心所欲或者標(biāo)新立異,而是闡釋作品的思想。這種重視研究和思考的治學(xué)態(tài)度,無疑獲得越來越多同行的認(rèn)同。
當(dāng)筆者問葉先生屬于翻譯界的第幾代時(shí),他說:“如果說,林紓、嚴(yán)復(fù)是(為啟蒙的)第一代;魯迅、郭沫若是(為思想的)第二代;馮至、傅雷是(為文學(xué)的)第三代;我大約是(為學(xué)術(shù)的)第四代吧!”
“我與魯迅的心是相通的”
1975年,葉廷芳與馮至、戈寶權(quán)、陳水宜等專家一起,展開了對“魯迅與外國文學(xué)”課題的研究,并于1977年發(fā)表了《魯迅與外國文學(xué)的關(guān)系》一文,得到了魯迅研究學(xué)者李何林的高度評價(jià)。
葉先生說:“搞‘魯迅與外國文學(xué)那個(gè)課題是在沒有出路中求出路。那些年我通讀了一遍《魯迅全集》,魯迅對中國文化的深刻認(rèn)識和對國民性的解剖,使我深受啟發(fā),并引起強(qiáng)烈共鳴,從此我也感覺到‘我與魯迅的心是相通的,感覺到如魯迅所指出的,中國需要一批‘大呼猛進(jìn)的精神界之戰(zhàn)士,需要將‘五四的啟蒙精神繼承下去。這是我開始自我覺醒的契機(jī)。”
葉廷芳研究魯迅,后來也借鑒于卡夫卡。他說,魯迅時(shí)時(shí)解剖別人,同時(shí)也隨時(shí)解剖自己;卡夫卡也是一樣,他不斷地批判世界,也不斷地批判自己。一個(gè)人,要把這兩點(diǎn)結(jié)合起來才好。
從書齋到廣場
與文學(xué)結(jié)緣,在葉廷芳的生命歷程中,是重要的一部分,但并非全部。作為知識分子和全國政協(xié)委員,他積極介入公共事務(wù)。葉先生表示:“我關(guān)心的社會問題較多,對于計(jì)劃生育、重修圓明園、保護(hù)文物等問題,我都付出過努力,并寫了相關(guān)提案?!?/p>
由于有出國交流的機(jī)會,葉廷芳對國外的建筑藝術(shù)、城市建設(shè)等留心觀察,仔細(xì)研究。他曾著長文《偉大的首都,希望你更美麗》,分三次被《北京晚報(bào)》轉(zhuǎn)載。針對修復(fù)圓明園的論調(diào),葉廷芳連續(xù)寫出了《美是不可重復(fù)的》《廢墟也是一種美》等文章,從美學(xué)角度表明了自己保護(hù)歷史文化遺產(chǎn)的鮮明態(tài)度。
葉廷芳擔(dān)任中國環(huán)境藝術(shù)協(xié)會理事,以及中國肢殘協(xié)會副主席、中國殘聯(lián)評議委員會主任等職務(wù),熱心為公益事業(yè)出力。葉先生表示,只要是社會和人民需要的,都是正業(yè)。盡管是非學(xué)術(shù)研究領(lǐng)域的,也愿意奉獻(xiàn)。“本來,興趣作為自己業(yè)余生活的調(diào)劑是一種享受??扇缃裎乙?yàn)榕d趣而自覺不自覺地闖入了好幾個(gè)領(lǐng)域:戲劇、建筑、藝術(shù),無論開會或著文,都花費(fèi)了許多時(shí)間。而我之所以介入公共事務(wù),是因?yàn)橹R分子的價(jià)值就在于批判精神。”
那軍號還在催促我
葉廷芳雖然失去了一條左臂,但絲毫不妨礙他做人的完整。他總是那么積極、樂觀,用一種友善寬容的心態(tài)面對人生。
葉先生回憶,這最初的因緣是他在衢州讀小學(xué)時(shí)的一堂課上,在回答老師的提問時(shí)說,自己長大要“尋找繆斯”。好奇心和藝術(shù)天賦,使他對這個(gè)從書中讀到的詞語情有獨(dú)鐘。就此,“尋找繆斯”成了他的情結(jié)與基本生存方式。2004年,葉廷芳把自己的散文集定名為《遍尋繆斯》。
葉廷芳讀書非??炭啵瑸榱隋憻捯庵?,中學(xué)年代葉廷芳每天都比別人早半個(gè)小時(shí)起床,不管冬夏,他在操場上都穿著一條褲衩、赤著腳跑步晨練。等同學(xué)們都起床了,他又跑到衢州古城墻上練嗓子。當(dāng)時(shí)衢州一中有位老號兵,參加過抗日戰(zhàn)爭,是從十九路軍退役的,工作很認(rèn)真。每天清晨起床、白天上下課、晚上自修和熄燈睡覺,他都吹起軍號。那儼然毋忘家國的求學(xué)生活,葉廷芳時(shí)時(shí)記得。他說:“那軍號幾十年過去了仍一直響在我耳邊,敦促著我勤奮學(xué)習(xí)、工作,永遠(yuǎn)進(jìn)取?!?/p>
著作等身的葉廷芳,近期被一家研究機(jī)構(gòu)評為“觀點(diǎn)被引用最多”的作者之一。走進(jìn)他家,需要仰視的是他家中上萬冊藏書,即使是一個(gè)小小的陽臺,居然也擺了四個(gè)書架。他這個(gè)在德語文化、美學(xué)研究上有創(chuàng)榛辟莽之功的學(xué)者,有整整28個(gè)抽屜里裝著手摘的研究卡片。
葉先生笑稱,有一次,他家因電器老化而發(fā)生火災(zāi),當(dāng)時(shí)他在樓下,看著濃煙從窗戶飄出,他想,如果藏書被燒,自己就去做和尚。所幸家具被燒了許多,書沒有被燒毀。
從一個(gè)鄉(xiāng)間殘疾少年,到在國際上享有盛譽(yù)的著名學(xué)者……葉廷芳左臂空空的袖管,突然成了不斷超越的獵獵大旗。
(除署名外,本文照片由作者提供)
Ye Tingfang Introduced Kafka to Chinese Readers
By Wu Shaofei
When it comes to introducing Franz Kafkas works to Chinese readers, Ye Tingfang, a scholar with his ancestral roots in Quzhou, a key city in southwestern Zhejiang Province, stands out as the most important translator of the Czech writer in China.
Born in 1936, Ye Tingfang studied at Quzhou Number One Middle School in the 1950s and studied the German language at Beijing University. He read German authors just one or two years before the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) threw China into chaos. He recalls: “I was instructed to compile a series of translated books on art and literary theories, which touched upon modern literature trends in the west including some representative arguments and reviews. A series of ‘yellow books including those by Friedrich Dürrenmatt, Frank Kafka and Jerome David Salinger were translated into Chinese and circulated among a small circle of authorized readers.”
In 1972, he spotted in a warehouse of Foreign Language Bookstore in Beijing “A Collection of Short Stories by Kafka” published by an Eastern Germany publisher. The bookstore put a lot of such books on sales. He bought the book and toyed with the idea of translating it into Chinese, but he put it aside due to the uncertain political circumstances.
In 1978, two years after the Cultural Revolution was brought to end, he set down to translate Franz Kafka (1883-1924). Meanwhile he wrote articles on the Czech writer who wrote in German and recommended him to Chinese readers. At first he translated out of academic purpose and passion, without being aware of Kafkas position in the German-language literature and the worlds literature. As he pushed deep into the world of Kafka, he became fully aware of Kafkas exploration into the modern art. After learning Kafka surpassed Thomas Mann in the German-language literature, he decided to dedicate himself to the translation and study of Kafka. Ye Tingfang was the editor-in-chief of “Complete Works of Kafka” in Chinese and a complete series of research books on Kafka. With his endeavors and many other peoples works, Chinese readers have come to know Kafka and his work. Nowadays, Kafka is an influential figure among Chinese writers. Yu Hua, the author of many important novels, once commented that Kafka opened his eyes to the alternative way of writing novels.
When I first visited Ye Tingfang at his home in Beijing, I saw the empty left sleeve and wondered whether this disability had anything to do with his identification with Kafka. Yes, there was a connection. Ye Tingfang was a smart boy and his father placed great hopes on him. But the boy lost his left arm after an electricity accident. Afterwards, the father felt deeply embarrassed by the disability and his frustration and anguish often surfaced. The junior felt frightened in the presence of his father. He had a troubled relationship with his father. After he started translating Kafka, he felt there was a natural bond between Kafka and him.
Ye Tingfang is also the first Chinese translator that introduced Friedrich Dürrenmatt (1921-1990), a Swiss author and dramatist, to Chinese readers. In the late 1970s, Peoples Literature Press commissioned Ye to translate “Selected Comedies of Dürrenmatt”, after seeing Yes translation of “The Physicists: A Comedy in Two Acts”. In the 1980s, Ye visited Dürrenmatt at his home in Swiss. In the 1990s, a publisher in Zurich that owned all the copyrights of Dürrenmatts works gave Ye Tingfang a complete set of 56 books by Dürrenmatt and invited Ye over to do a four-month study in Zurich. Partly thanks to Yes efforts, Dürrenmatt now enjoys a huge popularity with Chinese theatergoers and is one of the most popular foreign playwrights in China.
Literature translation, according to Ye Tingfang, is the most challenging in all kinds of translation. The translator needs to master the source language and the target language, to be a walking encyclopedia on everything concerning his translation, and to posses a power for understanding. In his eyes, if Lin Shu and Yan Fu were the best known representatives of the first-generation translators in modern China, Lu Xun and Guo Moruo the second generation translators, Feng Zhi and Fu Lei the third generation of translators, he thinks he is probably in the fourth generation of translators.
Ye Tingfang is a prolific writer and translator. A research institution recently rates him as one of the most quoted authors. Yes life is one of hard work and research. An avid reader, he has a private library of more than 10,000 books and takes careful notes while reading. An old-generation scholar, he has 28 drawers of meticulously catalogued research cards.