沈嫻
北京時間2012年10月11日晚7點,瑞典文學(xué)院將2012年諾貝爾文學(xué)獎授予中國作家莫言。莫言因此成為首位獲得諾貝爾文學(xué)獎的大陸本土作家。莫言的獲獎,除了其作品文學(xué)價值本身,譯者也功不可沒。正是這些“中國文化的使者”,使莫言的作品沖破了語言的隔閡,為世界所認同。
莫言之“言”與大多數(shù)之
“莫言”
1988年,《紅高粱》在柏林電影節(jié)上摘得了金熊獎,這讓莫言筆下“超越故鄉(xiāng)”、成為中國縮影的“高密東北鄉(xiāng)”開始在世界范圍內(nèi)為人所知。莫言說:“電影是沖開了一條路,讓燈光照在我們身上,能不能持續(xù)受到讀者的歡迎還是看作品本身的文學(xué)價值。像我被翻譯到法國的作品《豐乳肥臀》《酒國》并沒有被改編成電影,但要比被改編成電影的《紅高粱》反響好很多?!?/p>
但是,事實上,靠翻譯推介中國文學(xué)并非易事。幸運的是,莫言遇到了許多來自世界各地的才華橫溢的翻譯家。被稱為中國文學(xué)“接生婆”的漢學(xué)家葛浩文教授便是其中的執(zhí)牛耳者。
葛浩文,美國人。他第一次接觸莫言作品,是在朋友家讀《紅高粱家族》。當(dāng)時他激動不已,連呼這才是自己想要翻譯的東西。他譯了八章,投給紐約的一家出版社。幾天后葛浩文接到電話,里頭聲音急切:“這部小說我們要了?!薄都t高粱家族》英文譯本的出版,在美國引起不錯的反響。之后,莫言作品成了葛浩文翻譯事業(yè)最重要的一部分,至今已譯《天堂蒜薹之歌》《豐乳肥臀》《師傅越來越幽默》等??恐鸷莆脑谖膶W(xué)界的聲譽和英譯本的精良,對莫言及其作品的贊譽紛至沓來?!冻霭嬲咧芸伏c評《豐乳肥臀》:“小說充滿野性,令人回味無窮……(是)非常值得一讀的小說?!倍鴮τ凇稁煾翟絹碓接哪?,《紐約書評》這樣評論道:“莫言把日常生活中的災(zāi)難編織成一種罕見的、有用的、令人振奮的東西?!蔽鞣轿膶W(xué)界重量級期刊《今日世界文學(xué)》擲地有聲:“莫言所表現(xiàn)出的虛實技巧可看做一種中國式的巴洛克,充滿華麗詭異的想象?!薄都~約時報》視莫言為“中國最好的作家之一”,“在國際文壇占一席之地……他的作品會贏得美國讀者的青睞,就像昆德拉和馬爾克斯曾受到美國讀者的喜愛一樣。”《泰晤士報》文學(xué)副刊則將莫言視為魯迅“這一位深切憂思中國人命運的優(yōu)秀作家”的真正的衣缽繼承者。
上世紀(jì)90年代初,一個瑞典姑娘在書店看到了《紅高粱家族》葛浩文的英文譯本。她看了以后覺得很不錯,后來買到中文原版,就試著翻譯。她就是莫言作品最重要的瑞典語譯者——陳安娜。她本姓古斯塔夫森,嫁給寓居瑞典的中國翻譯家陳萬平后取夫姓“陳”。她是諾貝爾文學(xué)獎評委及漢學(xué)家馬悅?cè)坏牡茏?。受恩師影響,在漢學(xué)家羅德保的幫助下,陳安娜譯《紅高粱家族》得以出版,2001年,《天堂蒜薹之歌》出版,但莫言的書不好賣,羅德保負債累累,不得已將自己的出版社送給他人。2006年,陳安娜開始翻譯《生死疲勞》,前后花了6年時間,修改了至少7次,直至2012年5月才成書,出版社不肯出版,直至陳安娜答應(yīng)不要翻譯費才開印?!渡榔凇分挥×?000冊。莫言獲獎后,此書在兩天內(nèi)被搶購一空。
莫言的作品迄今被譯成二十幾種文字,已然成為中國現(xiàn)當(dāng)代文學(xué)的門面。但用馬悅?cè)坏脑拋碚f,只需看一看《紐約客》雜志上發(fā)表了多少中國作品——迄今為止一篇都沒有。中國作家們似乎在高聳通天的巴別塔前止行了,但莫言走出了登頂樓梯的腳步。星星之火,也許會有燎原之日。
翻譯的叛離與文學(xué)的重生
陳安娜的經(jīng)歷明確傳達了一個訊息:來自中國的文學(xué)作品在西方并不受歡迎。因為,翻譯中文作品,對譯者而言不是什么好活。那些花費心力翻譯莫言作品的人,若非十分熱愛,也難堅持下來;由于熱愛,他們不自覺地擔(dān)起了一個任務(wù),即讓世界理解中國文學(xué)。這個任務(wù)必然艱巨,因為他們要克服的是兩種文化間的不對等。這種不對等是強烈的:鄉(xiāng)土中國的情境和中國的土話是西方世界幾乎完全未及的領(lǐng)域,是他者。而譯者的任務(wù)是雙向的,既要忠實于作品,又要讓譯作的目標(biāo)讀者盡可能地像原語言讀者那樣全面正確地理解作品。而似乎只有去形留神、打破重生,才是處理這種艱澀的跨文化交流活動最好的方式。
葛浩文的翻譯著眼于背叛與重寫。他說:“翻譯就像讀詩,每個人在讀詩的時候都會把自己的經(jīng)歷和知識融合進去,有的是認同,有的是反對,有的是延伸。翻譯的過程必然涉及變化。”他也相信大多數(shù)作家可以寬容對其作品形形色色角色的重寫。有時他甚至改變作品的結(jié)構(gòu),“葛浩文的翻譯特殊,不是逐字逐句翻譯,甚至不是逐段翻譯,而是整體重寫,等于編譯”,批評家顧彬說。一些學(xué)者認為他歪曲原文,但事實上,葛浩文的叛離大部分是建立在充分理解、尊重和表達原文的基礎(chǔ)上的。比如,在《酒國》中,“信馬由韁式的”被譯成了“決意隨波逐流,這是他的活著的方式,他聽從內(nèi)心的那個人”。葛浩文未譯字面意思,而是根據(jù)文義,將具體情境中的含義都闡釋出來了。這樣所謂的“叛離”既能忠誠于原作,又能照顧讀者。
陳安娜也體會到了同樣的難處。她說:“你要找出作者自己的聲音,他那個故事的氣氛,要讓瑞典讀者有同樣的感覺,這不容易?!标惏材葘ⅰ都t高粱》譯成了《紅土地》,因為瑞典沒有“高粱”這種作物,而“紅土地”也能把作品所表達的對土地的深沉的執(zhí)著表達出來。
所幸的是,莫言的聲音是世界性的,就像日本人吉野福夫在翻譯《豐乳肥臀》中一段農(nóng)村女人赤裸上身打鐵的描寫時流淚了,因為他的母親就是這樣打鐵的。這種移情作用,就是文學(xué)的普世意義。不論是莫言作品中童年的淤積、隱匿的傳奇,還是憤懣的現(xiàn)實和喜劇消解的沉痛,都是隱沒在遙遠東方泥土氣息中的人的存在的見證,最終的文化歸宿都是真理和人性。莫言說:“我努力地想使我的高密東北鄉(xiāng)故事能夠打動各個國家的讀者,這將是我終生奮斗的目標(biāo)。”那里的疼痛和快樂是全人類疼痛和快樂的縮影,是不會在好的翻譯中丟失的東西。好的譯者有足夠的敏感性,可以在千絲萬縷中抓住作者聲音的脈絡(luò)。莫言的譯者把握到了,他們傳遞的東西是人類的共性,可以被世界所接受。陳安娜對此一直很有信心:“瑞典讀者讀莫言的作品可能不會覺得很遙遠。雖然他是寫中國,但我覺得我們都是人,人的感情、人的愛和恨我們都能理解?!?/p>
世界的中國與中國的世界
毋庸諱言,莫言獲得諾獎的消息傳來,中國國內(nèi)評論不一,但不論如何,諾獎只是一個個獎,也非民族認同或國家榮譽。馬悅?cè)徽J為,它并不是“一個世界冠軍賽”,“因為瑞典文學(xué)院只有18個院士,一半是學(xué)者,一半是作家,其中有的是詩人,有的是寫小說的。我們18個人,每年選一個作家,但是不能說這個作家就是世界上最好的作家”。我們只能希望選上的作家是一個好的作家?!庇纱丝梢姡缘墨@獎?wù)f明了世界文學(xué)界接受對扎根中國土地并反映深刻人性的中國文學(xué)的認可。其實,早在74年前,中國文學(xué)就曾受過一次諾獎的肯定:在中國生活了40余載的美國作家賽珍珠憑借中國題材的《大地三部曲》《異邦客》《東風(fēng)·西風(fēng)》榮獲諾獎。瑞典文學(xué)院常務(wù)秘書佩爾·哈爾斯特龍曾這樣評價《大地三部曲》:“她的見解保持著其深刻而溫暖的人性。她完全客觀地把生命注入于她的知識,并且給了我們這部使她舉世聞名的農(nóng)民史詩……”除此之外,據(jù)說老舍、北島等人也曾與諾獎擦身而過。
世界對中國文學(xué)有需求,中國也需要在世界范圍內(nèi)發(fā)聲,這說到底是一件兩廂情愿的事情,其結(jié)果無疑是共贏的。這類文化交流,翻譯是串聯(lián)東西方文化的紐帶。但當(dāng)前中外文學(xué)譯介格局是“信息單行道”,通過翻譯引進來的很多,走出去得卻不多。中國文學(xué)亟須權(quán)威、精良的譯作,正如馬悅?cè)凰?,“中國好的作家、好的作品太多了,但好的翻譯太少了……我相信中國文學(xué)的前景很有希望。有很多中國作家已經(jīng)進入了世界文學(xué)領(lǐng)域。需要把他們的作品翻譯出來,讓世界認識他們?!蹦砸苍趩柖蟊硎荆骸埃ǐ@獎)不能代表什么,中國有許多優(yōu)秀作家,他們的作品也可以被世界認可?!笔聦嵳f明這并非謙詞,中國現(xiàn)當(dāng)代作家正通過一些好的翻譯慢慢被國外讀者認識和肯定。2004年,莫言作品法語譯者尚德蘭女士與莫言、李銳、余華等中國作家一同獲得了“法蘭西共和國藝術(shù)和文學(xué)騎士勛章”。沈從文、蕭紅和賈平凹等作家也因葛浩文的翻譯在國外有一定的知名度。諾獎的獲得,無疑會促進中國文學(xué)國外翻譯的發(fā)展,推進其真正融入世界。
(本文照片由作者和達飛欴提供)
Translators Bring Mo Yans Works to World
By Shen Xian
In a sense, many believe, Nobel Laureate Mo Yan owes the honor to his Chinese-proficient translators, who are widely considered messengers of Chinese culture. These translators have helped Mo Yan break through language barriers and win global recognition.
“Red Sorghum”, a film adaptation of Mo Yans namesake novel and directed by Zhang Yimou, won Golden Bear Award at 1988 Berlin Film Festival. The film brought Mo Yan to worldwide attention, offering an insight for the first time into his fictionalized Northwest Township of Gaomi County. Mo Yan comments: “The film blazed a trail, shedding light on us. How readers will continue to pay attention to us depends on the literary value of our works. Although ‘Big Breasts & Wide Hips and ‘The Republic of Wine, A Novel have never been adapted to films, they have been translated into French and received much better responses than ‘Red Sorghum.”
Mo Yan is lucky to have had some very brilliant translators. Of these translators, Howard Goldblatt and Anna Gustafsson Chen are more familiar to the Chinese. Howard Goldblatt, US-based English translator, is one of the best translators of Mo Yans works. He ran into Mo Yans works while visiting a friend. He was thrilled to read “Red Sorghum Clan”, exclaiming that it was exactly what he wanted to translate. He translated eight chapters in a hurry and sent the manuscript to a publisher in New York. A few days later, he received a call from the publisher saying they wanted the novel and paid him a handsome amount in advance. The English version of the novel received good critical acclaim after it was published. Since then, Mo Yan has been Goldblatts translation project. He has translated quite a few novels of Mo Yan into English and they are critically acclaimed.
It was in the early 1990s that Anna Gustafsson Chen spotted the English version of “Red Sorghum” in a bookstore in Stockholm. It was translated by Howard Goldblatt. She read it and liked it. She then purchased a Chinese version and began to translate it into Swedish. Married to Chen Wanping, a Chinese author living in Sweden, Anna Gustafsson Chen used to study under the guidance of Nils G?ran David Malmqvist, member of Swedish Academy that decides the winners of the Nobel Prize in Literature. With the help of a sinologist in Sweden, Anna Chen translated “Red Sorghum Clan” into Swedish and published the five-volume novel. In 2001, she published her Swedish version of “The Garlic Ballads”. In 2006, she began to translate “Life and Death Are Wearing Me Out”. It was in May 2012, after six years and seven versions, that she completed the translation. The publisher did not print it until she said she waived her translation fee. The first print was 1,000 copies. After Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, the remaining copies sold out within two days.
Mo Yans works have been translated into more than 20 languages, opening a global window on the modern Chinese literature. However, Chinese writers have a long way to go before they can be better recognized and appreciated by the world. One hallmark of the worlds ignorance to their works is, as G?ran Malmqvist put it, that New Yorker, a world-famous literary weekly based in New York, has never published any literary works by a modern Chinese writer. Chinese authors seem to be going nowhere in front of the Babel, a symbol of language barriers. However, as Mo Yan has paved the way, modern Chinese writers will have a better chance to be read internationally.
Anna Gustafsson Chens translation of Mo Yans three novels seems to convey a clear-cut message: modern Chinese literature is not what western readers want. Moreover, translating Mo Yan into western languages has never been an easy task. The translators have faced the stark difference between the Chinese culture and western cultures. The rural China and its dialects are most unfamiliar to the western readers of today. The world in Mo Yans works is almost otherworldly. The translators need to be faithful to the original works while they need to create translations that target readers will read as if the books were written in the languages familiar and accessible to them.
Howard Goldblatt focuses on rewriting. He does not translate verbatim. He observes: “Translation can be compared to poetry reading. Everyone reads his own experience and knowledge into a poem. He may identify, he may object, and he may extend. Translation is a process of changes.” He believes that most authors tolerate the rewriting of characters of their works. He sometimes even restructures a text. A German sinologist and critic says that Goldblatt translates in a special way: he does not translate word by word; sometimes he goes so far as even not to translate paragraph by paragraph; he rewrites the whole thing; what he does is translating and editing. Some scholars think he distorts the source text. But Goldblatt believes his so called betrayal and rewriting is based on full understanding, respect and expressing the meaning of the source text.
Anna Chen has run into similar difficulties. “You need to find the authors voice and the atmosphere of the story. It is not easy to enable the Swedish readers to feel the same.” She translated the book name “Red Sorghum” into “Red Land” in Swedish, as there is no red sorghum in Sweden and readers may not know what it is at the first sight of the word.