張元濟與海鹽

王英

其人其事可以入藏

今年，浙江海鹽將紀(jì)念張元濟先生（1867—1959）誕辰150周年，他是著名出版家、商務(wù)印書館創(chuàng)始人之一，同時也是一名學(xué)者。

30年前的1987年，為了紀(jì)念這位中國近現(xiàn)代文化界的名人，海鹽人民在縣城武原鎮(zhèn)文昌路上建起一家以“張元濟”名字命名的圖書館，當(dāng)時，在這里召開了第一屆關(guān)于張元濟的學(xué)術(shù)研討會。

張元濟圖書館邊上附設(shè)有涉園，是占地面積8670平方米、建筑面積2500平方米的江南園林式仿古建筑，四圍黛瓦粉墻，里面曲橋臥波，亭閣相接，自然成趣。涉園內(nèi)專設(shè)商務(wù)版本圖書館和張元濟先生紀(jì)念室，是張元濟圖書館的兩大特色，尤其商務(wù)版本圖書館，收集、保存、陳列、整理著商務(wù)印書館百年以來的出版物。

1989年秋天，筆者調(diào)往張元濟圖書館工作，其中一項主要工作就是負責(zé)收集商務(wù)印書館版本目錄并編制卡片。接受工作之初，筆者首先去上海，那里是張元濟工作、學(xué)習(xí)和生活的地方。在上海辭書出版社王自強的介紹下，筆者從該社圖書館了解到該館存有許多商務(wù)舊版圖書，從而開始了對商務(wù)版圖書的調(diào)查。后來，筆者又多次追尋商務(wù)印書館搬遷足跡，赴上海、重慶、北京等地做抄錄、檢索工作。商務(wù)版本圖書館的收藏由此展開。在各地相關(guān)單位和個人、特別是商務(wù)印書館的關(guān)心和支持下，目前，這里館藏有新老商務(wù)版圖書16514種28805冊，其中早期（1949年之前）的4500冊，成為中國較為完備的集商務(wù)版圖書、張元濟生平資料的收藏基地和研究中心，榮獲了“國家一級圖書館”稱號。

張元濟圖書館吸引無數(shù)海內(nèi)外的專家學(xué)者前來瞻仰，舉行過多屆張元濟學(xué)術(shù)研討會。今年對張元濟的紀(jì)念，包括商務(wù)印書館成立120周年、張元濟圖書館建館30周年紀(jì)念，也在這里舉行。

“家住城南烏夜村”

涉園，本是明末海鹽張氏十世先祖張奇齡的書齋，九世先祖張惟赤辟為藏書樓，歷代延綿，后毀于清咸豐戰(zhàn)火，所剩藏書千余種3700余冊。

1932年淞滬抗戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)，上海商務(wù)印書館及其藏書館涵芬樓（公共開放）和張元濟個人所藏被炸，摧毀慘烈，張元濟痛心疾首。1939年初，實業(yè)家葉景葵邀張元濟創(chuàng)辦圖書館，又約民國名人陳陶遺共同發(fā)起，成立了（私人事業(yè)）合眾圖書館，以挽救淪亡古籍，張元濟盡數(shù)捐出劫后私藏。上世紀(jì)50年代并入上海圖書館。后來，目錄學(xué)家顧廷龍整理了《涵芬樓燼余書錄》，版本鑒定家潘景鄭則以“涉園”之名，整理有《海鹽張氏涉園藏書目錄》。為紀(jì)念張元濟對文化出版事業(yè)的貢獻，海鹽建立張元濟圖書館時附設(shè)涉園，專門收藏商務(wù)版圖書。

這其實應(yīng)當(dāng)看作是張元濟的夙愿。

1867年，張元濟出生于廣州，當(dāng)時他的父親張森玉在那里做官。父親時常以先祖為官的業(yè)績和藏書、著述的志向教導(dǎo)張元濟。

1881年，張元濟隨母親回故鄉(xiāng)海鹽。母親在縣城武原鎮(zhèn)虎尾濱買下一座親戚老宅，稍事修繕后，磚砌的院墻里翠竹森森，有十余間木結(jié)構(gòu)房屋，門窗的色彩經(jīng)過歲月的沉淀透著歷史的滄桑感。

張元濟返回鄉(xiāng)里，最向往的地方是涉園，可惜，在城南烏夜村的張氏故居，早已一片殘垣斷壁，但他對祖先的藏書刻書盛業(yè)，心生敬慕。后來，張元濟能在中國的出版界干出一番事業(yè)，應(yīng)該說與先祖的影響不無關(guān)系。

次年，張元濟的父親去世，張元濟愈加刻苦攻讀。

1892年，張元濟中清光緒壬辰科進士，授翰林院庶吉士。1894年甲午戰(zhàn)爭后，他投身維新潮流之中。1898年戊戌變法失敗，張元濟遭“革職，永不敘用”的命運。于是，他南下上海，在1901年投資商務(wù)印書館，“以啟迪民智，扶助教育為己任”，最終將該館辦成中國首屈一指的文化出版?zhèn)鞑C構(gòu)。

“鄉(xiāng)賢遺著斷不可交臂失之”

張元濟對中國近現(xiàn)代思想文化發(fā)展、甚至對由此推進社會變革的貢獻是十分巨大的，同時，他也非常關(guān)心家鄉(xiāng)古籍文物的保存，將之視為弘揚民族文化、振奮民族精神的重要組成部分。他說：“鄉(xiāng)賢遺著斷不可交臂失之也?！保ㄖ轮煜Ｗ嫘牛?/p>

張元濟歷來注意保存海鹽先哲遺著，海鹽歷史上最重要的地方文獻《海鹽縣志》《鹽邑志林》，及海鹽學(xué)者胡震亨、彭孫貽的著作，張元濟都出重金搜求，使之不致湮滅，有的還重新刊印。他一生搶救海鹽鄉(xiāng)賢著作355部1115冊。

從1921年開始，張元濟與藏書家葛嗣浵、學(xué)者王甲榮等人發(fā)起續(xù)輯嘉興歷史文獻《槜李文系》，并主持其事，雖幾經(jīng)中輟，最后得以完成。續(xù)輯內(nèi)容，比原輯約增一倍。張元濟親筆抄錄《目錄》四冊。

1937年初，張元濟發(fā)起修葺海鹽胡震亨墓，也是一例。

胡震亨是明代學(xué)者，可以代表海鹽一邑的最高文化水準(zhǔn)與成就。胡氏有《靖康資鑒錄》《李詩通》《海鹽圖經(jīng)》等著作，最有影響的《唐音統(tǒng)簽》，奠定了其在唐詩研究中的地位。

胡震亨葬于武原城北停駕橋堍，《光緒海鹽縣志》將之列為重要古跡。民國時，海鹽縣政府?dāng)M圈地改供演兵之用，張元濟聞見后，十分憤慨，立即起草了《擬請修復(fù)胡墓并撥還墓田以資修葺公呈》，請浙江省政府責(zé)成海鹽縣政府撥還胡氏墓地。同時，他發(fā)表文章《海鹽兩日之見聞》和《謁胡孝轅先生墓記》，呼吁社會各界重視保護古跡，并寄一份給蔡元培，請他向時任省主席朱家驊關(guān)說。朱家驊隨后致信張元濟：撤換縣長，重視保護。

然而不久，抗戰(zhàn)全面爆發(fā)，海鹽淪為敵占區(qū)，僅存的胡震亨墓遺跡被日寇破壞殆盡。張元濟自身有感，深深嘆息。

啟迪民智，扶助教育

文化的進步，基礎(chǔ)于教育。張元濟一生獻身文化出版事業(yè)，其旨歸于“啟迪民智”。endprint

1904年，清政府廢除科舉制度。同年，在張元濟的擘劃下，商務(wù)印書館出版了《最新初等小學(xué)國文教科書》，至辛亥革命，已被全國各地的學(xué)堂廣泛采用。1917年新文化運動發(fā)生前夕，商務(wù)印書館又修訂那種國文教科書，張元濟親作校訂，10年之內(nèi)重印30余次，印數(shù)達七八千萬冊之巨。其后，張元濟組織策劃編寫了從小學(xué)、中學(xué)到大學(xué)的全套教科書。

本世紀(jì)初，我國出版界掀起過一股重新審視老教材的熱潮，上?？茖W(xué)技術(shù)出版社在那種課本中選輯出若干篇，編為上下兩冊予以出版印行，好評不絕于途。筆者也特意購買來，放在案頭，時時翻閱——雖為小學(xué)范本，仍不失指導(dǎo)做人做事的意義——以表達對張元濟這位先鄉(xiāng)賢的無限敬意和紀(jì)念。

因為時政對教育思想的干擾，商務(wù)版教科書后來不再繼續(xù)，但張元濟對學(xué)統(tǒng)的流布與承繼意識依然在胸。

1945年抗戰(zhàn)勝利，海鹽新辦縣立初級中學(xué)，暫借縣城武原鎮(zhèn)馮三樂堂房屋作校舍，契約一年。限期將至，學(xué)校派人去上海與張元濟商量租借其祖宅，張元濟不說二話，欣然同意，將坐落于虎尾浜南岸擴建的故居36間房屋，及6.5畝宅基地借予學(xué)校使用。自1946年8月起，學(xué)校每年只是象征性地付給張氏白米一石作為租費。

1951年4月，張元濟寫信給海鹽縣人民政府，表示愿意將虎尾浜的老宅及余地一并捐贈辦學(xué)。因考慮到祖產(chǎn)系三房共有，在征得同意后，1952年春張元濟代表張氏族人無償捐出。當(dāng)時，校長在學(xué)校大會上宣布這一消息后，全體師生熱烈鼓掌，經(jīng)久不息。

60多年過去，這學(xué)校改建成規(guī)模、質(zhì)量在海鹽、嘉興、浙江名列前茅的向陽小學(xué)。

“及身已見太平來”

張元濟有過多次表示，文化教育對社會變革和進步的影響，體現(xiàn)在民間風(fēng)俗的移易上。

1920年，張元濟還鄉(xiāng)。他發(fā)現(xiàn)族中有浮棺暫厝的現(xiàn)象，一打聽才知道是清貧者無力舉葬、以待他日籌錢厚葬，便與自家仲良叔祖商議建一公墓，仲良叔祖當(dāng)即表示支持。1925年，坐落在烏夜村涉園故址西邊的張氏公墓落成，“近傍秦溪，遠挹秦峰，風(fēng)景頗佳”。這座由張元濟設(shè)計并獨立承擔(dān)費用的張氏公墓，浸透了他移風(fēng)易俗、革除陋習(xí)的心愿。

張氏族人擬定有《張氏宗祠公墓規(guī)則》，其核心就是號召薄葬。為了施行倡議，翌年清明，張元濟帶頭將發(fā)妻吾夫人的棺柩，從海鹽澉浦的翠屏山自己父母墓側(cè)移至張氏公墓落葬，僅“穴地三尺，納棺其中”而已，葬費不到4元大洋！張元濟希望張氏子孫牢記古人成子高的話：“吾縱生無益于人，吾可以死害于人乎哉？”

1934年，張元濟繼室許夫人去世，他不接待吊唁，不收受帛金，只刊發(fā)了《張元濟敬謝（告）親友啟》。一個月后，他攜全家回海鹽，在張氏公墓簡單地安葬了許夫人。張氏公墓開辦12年，收葬200余人，帶動了海鹽民眾的移風(fēng)易俗。

1959年，張元濟在上海病逝，骨灰安葬在聯(lián)誼山莊公墓?！拔幕蟾锩敝?，張元濟墓遭到破壞，骨灰盒被服務(wù)過張元濟的張樹年悄悄帶回海鹽，憑著當(dāng)?shù)乩限r(nóng)的追憶，找到吾夫人、許夫人墓穴的大致位置，深深埋下。

前些年，海鹽縣政協(xié)張國華與筆者專門訪問張樹年，張樹年表態(tài)：“入土為安，不要再搞遷葬了。”

張元濟無疑是名聲超越海鹽的人物，只要涉園在，無墓又何妨？

（本文圖片由作者提供）

Zhang Yuanji and His Hometown Haiyan

By Wang Ying

The year 2017 marks the 150th anniversary of the birthday of Zhang Yuanji （1867-1959）， a publisher and founding father of Commercial Press， one of Chinas most prestigious publishing houses. He was a native of Haiyan， a county near Hangzhou in the northern part of Zhejiang Province. In 1987， Haiyan County had a new county library built at Wenchang Road， Wuyuan Town， which is the county capital， and named it after Zhang Yuanji. A seminar was held at the site in commemoration of the scholarly native.

Beside the library stands Sheyuan Garden， which is a modern reincarnation of the home of Zhang Yuanji in Haiyan. The original garden was destroyed in war in the mid 19th century. The new site covers an area of 8，670 square meters with a building with a 2，500-m2 floor space in the regional architectural style. The building comprises two parts： a larger part of the building houses a collection of books published by Commercial Press over the past 100 years. The smaller part is a memorial room dedicated to the memory of Zhang Yuanji.endprint

Sheyuan Garden is a key part of Zhuang Yuanji Library. The collection has 28，805 copies in 16，514 titles in total， including 4，500 copies published before 1949， the year the Peoples Republic of China came into being. The collection is not complete， but large enough to be of national significance. The memorial room presents a relatively complete life story of the publisher. For this reason， Zhuang Yuanji Library in Haiyan County is a national class-one library.

The original Sheyuan was built as a private place for reading books in the last years of the Ming （1368-1644） by Zhang Qiling， a tenth-generation descendent of the Zhang clan in Haiyan. His son Zhang Weichi started a private collection of books. The collection of 3，700 volumes in over 1，000 titles was destroyed in a war in the mid 19th century. Zhang Yuanji himself started a collection in Shanghai. Commercial Press， then located in Shanghai， was partly damaged by bombs dropped by Japanese bombers in 1932. Also devastated was the publishing houses public library and Zhangs private collection. In early 1939， Zhang donated all the remaining books in his private collection to a library in Shanghai. These books were donated to Shanghai Library in the 1950s. Though the Zhang familys first collection of books housed at Sheyuan and part of Zhangs private collection housed in Shanghai were destroyed， bibliographer Gu Tinglong managed to put together a complete list of books in Zhang Yuanjis private collection， including information on both books that were destroyed in the bombing and those that survived the bombing， and bibliographer Pan Jingze restored a list of books in the collection housed at Sheyuan Garden in the Zhang clan in Haiyan.

Haiyan honors Zhang Yuanji not only because he founded the influential Commercial Press but also because he did a lot for Haiyan.

He paid a fortune to put together a collection of books written by local scholars of Haiyan and books about Haiyan such as the county annals. He also reprinted some of the books he had salvaged at his own expenses. Altogether， he saved 1，115 volumes in 355 titles authored by Haiyan native scholars.

In 1921， Zhang Yuanji and some fellow scholars started a project to expand an anthology of works by local writers in Jiaxing （Haiyan is a county under the jurisdiction of Jiaxing， a central city in northern Zhejiang）. The new anthology was 100 percent bigger than the original one， including 4 volumes of contents Zhang Yuanji copied personally.endprint

Hu Zhenheng， a prominent scholar of the Ming Dynasty （1368-1644）， represents the very top of the cultured people of Haiyan. In the early years of the Republic of China （1911-1949）， the place where Hus tomb was situated was reassigned for military purposes by the county government. After learning the proposal， Zhang Yuanji was incensed. He sent a petition to the provincial government， asking the provincial authorities to urge the county government to restore the tomb and gave back the land. Eventually， the county magistrate was dismissed for the decision. However， the tomb was totally destroyed by Japanese aggressors before it could be restored.

During a visit to hometown Haiyan in 1920， Zhang Yuanji noticed some relatives could not afford costly funeral and burial services. The dead were left in coffins and unburied. He proposed to his uncle， a clan head， for setting up a public cemetery for the clan. He designed the cemetery and footed the bill. His two wives were buried there. He called for reforming and simplifying elaborate funeral and burial services. The clan formulated a list of dos and donts for proper and affordable funeral and burial services， based on the principle that no funeral and burial services should bankrupt a family. From 1925 when the cemetery was set up to 1937 when Chinas Resistance War against Japanese Aggression broke out in full force， over 200 members of the local Zhang clan were buried at the cemetery， setting up an example in Haiyan for saying goodbye to an ancient custom and for accepting a modern practice.

In 1946， Zhang Yuanji signed an agreement to let a local middle school use his 3，000-m2 ancestral compound with 30 rooms as the campus. He charged a symbolic annual fee of 50 kilogram of rice. In the spring of 1952， he and his clan donated the property to the local government to be permanently used as a school campus. It is now the campus of one of the best primary schools in the province.endprint