[摘要]目的:由于角質(zhì)層的屏障作用,外用藥物很難經(jīng)皮吸收。鉺:釔鋁石榴石(Er:YAG)點(diǎn)陣激光通過(guò)點(diǎn)狀剝脫的模式穿透角質(zhì)層,破壞了角質(zhì)層的完整性,可以加速外用藥物經(jīng)皮吸收的速度。本實(shí)驗(yàn)旨在驗(yàn)證外用表面麻醉藥之前用點(diǎn)陣Er:YAG激光破壞角質(zhì)層,可以促進(jìn)表面麻醉藥的吸收速度。方法:在31名受試者的左前臂上劃出三塊相鄰的4cm×3cm區(qū)域,分別予以Er:YAG激光加表面麻醉藥(“點(diǎn)陣+麻藥+疼痛”),表面麻醉藥對(duì)照(“麻藥+疼痛”)和空白對(duì)照干預(yù)(“潤(rùn)膚露+疼痛”)。干預(yù)后對(duì)各區(qū)域用YSGG激光治療,通過(guò)受試者對(duì)激光治療的疼痛評(píng)分(VAS評(píng)分)來(lái)驗(yàn)證表面麻醉藥的吸收速度。結(jié)果:三個(gè)區(qū)域的疼痛評(píng)分分別為2.84±0.66,3.91±0.79,4.59±0.87。激光加表面麻醉藥的區(qū)域(“點(diǎn)陣+麻藥+疼痛”)疼痛評(píng)分顯著小于另外兩個(gè)區(qū)域(P值分別為0.042和0.003)。結(jié)論:說(shuō)明點(diǎn)陣Er:YAG激光輔助外用麻醉藥物的經(jīng)皮吸收有效。
[關(guān)鍵詞]Er:YAG激光;麻醉藥物;經(jīng)皮吸收
[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)]R616.4 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼]A [文章編號(hào)]1008-6455(2011)02-0264-02
Clinical effect of ablative fractional laser-assisted topical anesthesia on human skin
LUO Yao-jia, WU Yan, GAO Xing-hua, HE Chun-di, CHEN Hong-duo, LI Yuan-hong
(Department of Dermatology,The First Hospital of China Medical University;China Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Health,Shenyang 110001,liaoning,China)
Abstract:ObjectiveMost topically used medications need a long time to be absorbed into the skin owing to the stratum corneum(SC) barrier.The fractional Erbium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Er:YAG) laser,creating vertical channels to disrupt the SC,might assist the delivery of topically applied drug to penetrate into the skin. This study was intended to determine whether pretreatment with fractional Er:YAG laser could assist transdermal delivery of topical anesthesia. Methods Thirty-one subjects were enrolled in this study. Three neighboring 4cm×3cm regions were marked on their left forearm with the interference of Er:YAG laser plus topical anesthesia (laser+anesthesia+pain stimuli), anesthesia control (anesthesia + pain stimuli) and blank control (moisture + pain stimuli) respectively. Then each region was treated with YSGG laser to evaluate the pain sensation using the visual analogue scale (VAS) as a way to scale the transdermal absorption of topical anesthesia.ResultsThe pain scores for Er:YAG laser plus topical anesthesia, anesthesia control and blank control regions are 2.84±0.66, 3.91±0.79 and 4.59±0.87 respectively. The pain score for Er:YAG laser plus topical anesthesia region is significantly lower than the anesthesia control (P=0.042) and blank control (P=0.003).Conclusion This proved the laser assistance of transdermal absorption for topical anesthesia medication.
Key words: Er:YAG laser;anesthesia medication;transdermal absorption
外用藥物吸收效率的主要制約因素是角質(zhì)層的屏障作用,通過(guò)破壞角質(zhì)層的完整性,可以增強(qiáng)外用藥物的吸收效率[1]。點(diǎn)陣Er:YAG激光被廣泛用于皮膚磨削,通過(guò)設(shè)定特定的參數(shù),可以控制其穿透深度。本試驗(yàn)旨在驗(yàn)證外用麻醉藥前用點(diǎn)陣Er:YAG激光破壞角質(zhì)層后可以促進(jìn)外用麻醉藥物的吸收而不產(chǎn)生其他副作用[2]。
1對(duì)象和方法
1.1對(duì)象及參數(shù):31名女性受試者參加了本次臨床試驗(yàn),年齡為(39.61±1.72)歲,皮膚類(lèi)型為Fitzpatrick Ⅳ型。點(diǎn)陣激光設(shè)備為Er:YAG激光(Pixel,飛頓激光公司,以色列),9mm×9mm手具。通過(guò)預(yù)試驗(yàn),該年齡組前臂的角質(zhì)層厚度為25~35μm,能量設(shè)為200mJ時(shí)可以穿透到這一深度。另外準(zhǔn)備一個(gè)沒(méi)有接到激光發(fā)射器上的激光治療頭,在受試者蒙住眼睛時(shí)作為“假”激光盲法對(duì)照用于特定區(qū)域。外用表面麻醉藥物為復(fù)方利多卡因乳膏(2.5%利多卡因和2.5%丙胺卡因,50mg,北京紫光制藥有限公司生產(chǎn)),以2mg/cm2的用量外用于實(shí)驗(yàn)區(qū)域。
1.2 方法:我們?cè)谑茉囌咦笄氨蹌澇鋈龎K4cm×3cm的區(qū)域:第一塊用Er:YAG點(diǎn)陣激光200mJ掃描一遍后外用表面麻醉藥并封包10min(標(biāo)記為“點(diǎn)陣+麻藥+疼痛”);第二塊區(qū)域用“假”激光治療頭掃描一遍后外用表面麻醉藥并封包10min(標(biāo)記為“麻藥+疼痛”);第三塊區(qū)域用“假”激光掃一遍后外用潤(rùn)膚露(雅漾修復(fù)霜,Pierre Fabre,法國(guó))并封包10min(標(biāo)記為“潤(rùn)膚露+疼痛”)。進(jìn)行這些處置時(shí)受試者被蒙住雙眼,采用了單盲的方式。在試驗(yàn)前后監(jiān)測(cè)受試者的心率和血壓,防止表面麻醉藥物過(guò)量吸收引起的系統(tǒng)性副作用。
激光作為疼痛刺激具有可重復(fù)性、可量化、個(gè)體差異小的優(yōu)點(diǎn),在本實(shí)驗(yàn)中選用Er:YSGG激光(PEARL手具,Cutera有限公司,California,美國(guó))作為疼痛刺激[3],通過(guò)VAS疼痛評(píng)分量化外用表面麻醉藥物的吸收率[4]。治療參數(shù)設(shè)為能量密度2.5J/cm2,光斑直徑6mm,脈寬3ms,頻率20Hz。用Er:YSGG激光在受試者前臂每塊劃定的區(qū)域打5個(gè)光斑,3塊區(qū)域共計(jì)15個(gè)光斑,這15個(gè)點(diǎn)采用隨機(jī)數(shù)表以隨機(jī)順序治療。受試者通過(guò)VAS評(píng)分的方式對(duì)每一次疼痛刺激打分:0代表一點(diǎn)都不疼,10代表蜂蜇般難以忍受的疼痛。全部15次激光疼痛刺激評(píng)分后取每個(gè)區(qū)域5次刺激的平均分?jǐn)?shù),以最大程度地減少誤差[5]。每位受試者都被蒙住雙眼,對(duì)于激光疼痛刺激前進(jìn)行的不同處置盲法,每一次激光疼痛刺激后摘下眼罩進(jìn)行VAS評(píng)分。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法:所有計(jì)量資料計(jì)算均數(shù)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差和可信區(qū)間,并使用SPSS11.5進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理,用Chapiro-Wilk進(jìn)行正態(tài)性檢驗(yàn),采用Mann-Whitney法非參數(shù)檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行組間兩兩比較,P≤0.05被認(rèn)為具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。
2結(jié)果
Er:YAG點(diǎn)陣激光200mJ掃描的VAS評(píng)分為(0.10±0.06)分,“假”激光治療頭的VAS評(píng)分為(0.06±0.04)分,兩者不具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P=0.375),說(shuō)明在外用表面麻醉藥物前使用的Er:YAG激光200mJ掃描沒(méi)有給患者增加額外的痛苦。31名受試者三塊區(qū)域的平均VAS評(píng)分分別為2.84±0.66(點(diǎn)陣+麻藥+疼痛),3.91±0.79(麻藥+疼痛)和4.59±0.87分(潤(rùn)膚露+疼痛)。其中“點(diǎn)陣+麻藥+疼痛”組的疼痛評(píng)分明顯小于“麻藥+疼痛”組和“潤(rùn)膚露+疼痛”組,P值分別為0.042和0.003。而后兩組間的疼痛評(píng)分不具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,P值為0.328。在本次試驗(yàn)中血壓和心率監(jiān)測(cè)沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)異常,沒(méi)有觀察到外用表面麻醉藥物的副作用。
3討論
外用藥物的經(jīng)皮吸收主要障礙是角質(zhì)層的屏障作用。曾經(jīng)有許多研究采用各種辦法破壞角質(zhì)層以增強(qiáng)外用藥物的穿透作用,包括電離、低頻超聲、點(diǎn)狀針刺、膠帶反復(fù)粘貼等[6],然而這些方法具有深度不可控,重復(fù)性不佳,副作用未知等各種缺點(diǎn)。Er:YAG點(diǎn)陣激光可以通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)不同的參數(shù),點(diǎn)狀剝脫不同深度的組織,利用僅穿透角質(zhì)層和表皮淺層的激光可以增加藥物的經(jīng)皮吸收,而且避免了其他副作用。因?yàn)榇┩干疃葴\,修復(fù)速度快,所以不會(huì)引發(fā)皮膚創(chuàng)傷,治療處沒(méi)有肉眼可見(jiàn)的紅斑、水腫等炎癥反應(yīng),不會(huì)造成其他的副作用[7]。
正常外用表面麻醉藥需要封包1h才能達(dá)到最大的效力,而在本次試驗(yàn)中,通過(guò)Er:YAG點(diǎn)陣激光的預(yù)先處置,僅需要10min就可以起到表面麻醉的效果,通過(guò)患者的VAS疼痛評(píng)分證實(shí)了激光輔助表面外用麻醉藥的穿透吸收作用。麻醉目的是為了進(jìn)行其他物理治療,根據(jù)Singer等人的研究驗(yàn)證這種麻醉方法可用于氣管插管、靜脈注射、中心靜脈穿刺等操作前減輕疼痛[5,10]。在Hadersdal等[8]的研究中,使用超脈沖CO2點(diǎn)陣激光能夠輔助外用藥物的經(jīng)皮吸收。相比而言,CO2激光是“熱”激光,在點(diǎn)狀剝脫的同時(shí)每個(gè)穿透的洞周?chē)鷷?huì)有熱損傷帶,而Er:YAG激光被視為“冷”激光,不會(huì)產(chǎn)生過(guò)多的熱損傷,所以更適合于藥物的輔助傳輸[9-10]。
根據(jù)Bartfield等[11]的研究,疼痛刺激的前后順序?qū)μ弁锤杏X(jué)的影響很大,第二針永遠(yuǎn)比第一針疼痛感劇烈。為了消除疼痛感順序的差異,本實(shí)驗(yàn)中采用了15個(gè)激光疼痛刺激隨機(jī)的順序,而且取5個(gè)點(diǎn)VAS評(píng)分均值,這樣能最大程度地減少疼痛順序?qū)е碌腣AS評(píng)分偏倚。
總之,用僅能穿透角質(zhì)層和表皮淺層的低能量Er:YAG點(diǎn)陣激光輔助外用表面麻醉藥的經(jīng)皮吸收是有效的。這是一種新的安全有效無(wú)痛苦的激光輔助外用藥物經(jīng)皮吸收的方式,將會(huì)有廣泛的臨床應(yīng)用前景。
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[收稿日期]2010-11-29 [修回日期]2011-02-14
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