[摘要]目的:通過(guò)對(duì)神經(jīng)側(cè)支發(fā)芽過(guò)程中外源性神經(jīng)生長(zhǎng)因子對(duì)生長(zhǎng)相關(guān)蛋白-43(growth associated protein-43,GAP-43)的調(diào)控,探討神經(jīng)側(cè)支發(fā)芽再生的機(jī)制。方法:SD大鼠共40只,建立脛腓神經(jīng)端側(cè)吻合模型,隨機(jī)分為神經(jīng)生長(zhǎng)因子(nerve growth factor,NGF)組和生理鹽水(SAL)組,各組又分為1周、2周、4周和8周組。切取吻合近端和遠(yuǎn)端神經(jīng)縱切片標(biāo)本,進(jìn)行GAP-43的免疫組織化學(xué)反應(yīng),并結(jié)合計(jì)算機(jī)圖像分析進(jìn)行反應(yīng)強(qiáng)度的半定量分析。結(jié)果:NGF組GAP-43表達(dá)顯著增高。結(jié)論:應(yīng)用NGF可以促進(jìn)端側(cè)吻合后神經(jīng)側(cè)支發(fā)芽。
[關(guān)鍵詞]神經(jīng)再生;端側(cè)吻合;側(cè)支發(fā)芽;神經(jīng)生長(zhǎng)因子;GAP-43
[中圖分類號(hào)]R741.02[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼]A [文章編號(hào)]1008-6455(2011)02-0255-02
Expression of nerve growth factor in lateral sprouting after peripheral nerve end-to-side anastomosis
LI Xu-dong,LIU Gang,ZHAO Ye-de
(Department of Plastic Surgery,The 411st Hospital of PLA, Shanghai, 200081,China)
Abstract:ObjectiveTo explore the expression of nerve growth factor in lateral sprouting after peripheral nerve end-to-side anastomosis and find the mechanism of lateral sprouting.Methods32 SD rats were randomly divided into four groups: 1 week group, 2 week group, 4 week group and 8 week group. Immunohistochemical analysis by the computer image analysis was performed to study the expression of the NGF after end-to-side anastomosis.ResultsIncreased expression of NGF were observed in distal ends after end-to-side anastomosis, and on more expression of NGF in proximal ends was also observed.ConclusionIt show that the nerve growth factors in distal ends may be acts as an important role in lateral sprouting.
Key words:nerve regeneration;end-to-side anastomosis;lateral sprouting; nerve growth factor;GAP-43
神經(jīng)損傷引起的功能損害常較嚴(yán)重。對(duì)于缺損較大的神經(jīng)損傷,以往臨床多采用神經(jīng)移植、自體靜脈移植、自體肌肉移植等方法,效果往往不理想,且又造成供區(qū)的損傷。一旦損傷神經(jīng)近端損毀較為嚴(yán)重,則以上方法都無(wú)法解決。如果損傷神經(jīng)遠(yuǎn)端能夠與鄰近的神經(jīng)行端側(cè)吻合則不失為一種較好的方法。神經(jīng)端側(cè)吻合法開(kāi)始于本世紀(jì)初,Balance報(bào)道了用端側(cè)吻合技術(shù)治療面癱,將面神經(jīng)損傷遠(yuǎn)端與副神經(jīng)或舌下神經(jīng)側(cè)面吻合,術(shù)后患側(cè)可以恢復(fù)部分功能。
目前,周圍神經(jīng)端側(cè)吻合的研究報(bào)道多為組織學(xué)、電生理、步態(tài)分析等方面,對(duì)具有趨化性作用的誘導(dǎo)蛋白在神經(jīng)纖維側(cè)枝發(fā)芽過(guò)程中的表達(dá),以及如何促進(jìn)端側(cè)吻合的軸突再生等少見(jiàn)報(bào)道。本文就筆者對(duì)此方面的研究情況予以報(bào)道。
1材料和方法
1.1 動(dòng)物分組和手術(shù)方法:雄性SD大鼠40只,體質(zhì)量220~240g,隨機(jī)分為NGF組和SAL組,各組分為1周組、2周組、4周組及8周組(n=5)。各組大鼠右側(cè)自腓神經(jīng)分支以遠(yuǎn)0.5cm處切斷,脛神經(jīng)分支以遠(yuǎn)1cm處作外膜開(kāi)窗0.7mm×0.7mm,腓神經(jīng)遠(yuǎn)端用11-0無(wú)損傷縫線行外膜端側(cè)吻合于脛神經(jīng)開(kāi)窗處,腓神經(jīng)近端游離后牽向近端外轉(zhuǎn)90°縫合于鄰近肌肉,左側(cè)為正常對(duì)照。
術(shù)后1周NGF組動(dòng)物脛前肌每日注射NGF5μg,SAL組注射同量生理鹽水。
1.2GAP-43免疫組織化學(xué)反應(yīng)及圖像分析:各組動(dòng)物依照不同時(shí)段麻醉后處死,取脛神經(jīng)近端和腓神經(jīng)遠(yuǎn)端,10%緩沖福爾馬林固定過(guò)夜,石蠟包埋,縱切片,應(yīng)用Dako Envision免疫組織化學(xué)方法并結(jié)合計(jì)算機(jī)圖像分析進(jìn)行反應(yīng)強(qiáng)度的半定量分析,測(cè)定1周、2周、4周、8周組脛神經(jīng)近端和腓神經(jīng)遠(yuǎn)端免疫反應(yīng)強(qiáng)度,同正常神經(jīng)進(jìn)行對(duì)照分析。
圖像分析的原理是用圖像處理系統(tǒng)根據(jù)陽(yáng)性染色部位的透光強(qiáng)度通過(guò)計(jì)算機(jī)求出平均灰度值,陽(yáng)性反應(yīng)為棕色,染色強(qiáng)的部位透光弱,其灰度值就低,反之灰度值高。每張
切片選定5個(gè)固定區(qū)域陽(yáng)性染色部位,測(cè)定灰度值,而求出每例標(biāo)本的平均灰度值,統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理。
2結(jié)果
正常神經(jīng)GAP-43免疫反應(yīng)呈淺棕色,位于軸突中,陽(yáng)性軸突較少。NGF組及SAL組腓神經(jīng)遠(yuǎn)端術(shù)后1周均開(kāi)始出現(xiàn)較強(qiáng)陽(yáng)性反應(yīng),反應(yīng)強(qiáng)度明顯增加(P<0.01),自8周左右開(kāi)始下降。NGF組的免疫反應(yīng)陽(yáng)性強(qiáng)度顯著高于SAL組(P<0.01),圖1。
3討論
GAP-43是一種神經(jīng)元特異性磷酸蛋白,它與神經(jīng)元生長(zhǎng)、神經(jīng)突觸連接重建以及神經(jīng)再生有密切的關(guān)系[1-3]。其基因表達(dá)僅限于神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),由神經(jīng)元胞體合成后,經(jīng)快速軸流運(yùn)輸?shù)缴窠?jīng)末梢,免疫組織化學(xué)和原位雜交方法研究顯示GAP-43在整個(gè)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)分布廣泛,如大腦、小腦、海馬、嗅球、脊髓、背根神經(jīng)節(jié)以及自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)等。在發(fā)育階段,沿整個(gè)軸突可見(jiàn)陽(yáng)性免疫反應(yīng),尤其在生長(zhǎng)錐特別豐富,成年的某些神經(jīng)元僅分布于突觸前終末[4-5]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞如星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞、少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞、雪旺氏細(xì)胞也能表達(dá)GAP-43,這說(shuō)明GAP-43具有廣泛的生理作用。成年大鼠脊髓GAP-43的分布狀況是光鏡下白質(zhì)、皮質(zhì)脊髓束染色重,整個(gè)灰質(zhì)均染色,特別是中央管周圍和背角淺層重染;電鏡下,小的有髓、無(wú)髓纖維染色,軸突終末的免疫標(biāo)記主要位于小的單一軸-樹(shù)、軸-體突觸,而大的有髓軸突、大的軸突終末及樹(shù)突染色陰性。背根神經(jīng)節(jié)中GAP-43主要分布于中、小型感覺(jué)神經(jīng)元胞體。GAP-43的分布特征,表明脊髓有一定恢復(fù)結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的可塑性,并具有不斷重建的潛力[6-7]。
實(shí)驗(yàn)表明周圍神經(jīng)損傷后,GAP-43的表達(dá)可迅速增加[8-9],因此GAP-43可作為神經(jīng)再生的標(biāo)志,但它對(duì)再生的作用機(jī)制尚不清楚。Edward[10]觀察到,在缺乏GAP-43時(shí),PC12細(xì)胞突起的生長(zhǎng)仍能被NGF、bFGF(堿性成纖維細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子)和cAMP所誘導(dǎo)。在神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子誘導(dǎo)突起生長(zhǎng)時(shí)GAP-43不是必需的,GAP-43的作用在于突觸功能而并非突起生長(zhǎng)過(guò)程本身。在突觸重建過(guò)程中,新生發(fā)芽末梢中GAP-43含量非常高,只要有突觸連接重建進(jìn)行,即使無(wú)軸突延伸,GAP-43表達(dá)也會(huì)在高水平上進(jìn)行。GAP-43伴隨著突觸連接重建出現(xiàn),一旦重建完成,GAP-43及其mRNA含量便驟然下降,甚至消失。因此GAP-43可以作為神經(jīng)元發(fā)育、生長(zhǎng)、神經(jīng)再生以及成熟中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中突觸重建和可塑性的標(biāo)志物。GAP-43表達(dá)上調(diào)的陽(yáng)性信號(hào)可能來(lái)自于雪旺氏細(xì)胞或巨噬細(xì)胞釋放的某種因子,在體外培養(yǎng)條件下,培養(yǎng)基中加入NGF可刺激GAP-43的表達(dá)[11]。
本實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)損傷后神經(jīng)遠(yuǎn)端GAP-43表達(dá)增高,從1周開(kāi)始增強(qiáng),至4周左右達(dá)到高峰,8周左右開(kāi)始減弱,說(shuō)明隨著神經(jīng)再生的成功,GAP-43表達(dá)逐步下調(diào)。NGF組與SAL組相比,免疫反應(yīng)陽(yáng)性強(qiáng)度增加明顯,表明NGF可以上調(diào)GAP-43,從而促進(jìn)神經(jīng)的再生。出芽過(guò)程在損傷早期即開(kāi)始,神經(jīng)元胞體開(kāi)始合成神經(jīng)再生所需的各類因子,然后由軸漿運(yùn)輸至再生部位。靶肌肉注射既可增加局部NGF的含量,為側(cè)支出芽創(chuàng)造良好的內(nèi)外環(huán)境,又可上調(diào)神經(jīng)再生所需其它因子的表達(dá),從而促進(jìn)神經(jīng)側(cè)枝發(fā)芽。
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[收稿日期]2010-02-24 [修回日期]2011-01-12
編輯/張惠娟