淺析英語中表示被動(dòng)意義的幾個(gè)非謂語結(jié)構(gòu)的用法

韓耀星

【摘要】表示被動(dòng)意義的非謂語動(dòng)詞,在初高中英語教學(xué)中,困惑著許多英語教師的專業(yè)成長。因?yàn)樗鼈兝斫馄饋肀容^抽象,區(qū)別比較微妙。本文就針對中學(xué)英語教學(xué)中常見的幾種表示被動(dòng)含義的非謂語動(dòng)詞,將它們的用法和區(qū)別加以分析。

【關(guān)鍵詞】非謂語動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)區(qū)別

非謂語動(dòng)詞在整個(gè)英語教學(xué)中是一個(gè)重點(diǎn),也是難點(diǎn),尤其是表示被動(dòng)的幾個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu),對某些中學(xué)英語教師來說,是一種很大的困惑。近期我在網(wǎng)上瀏覽,所見到的到處是諸如“having been done, being done, done有什么區(qū)別”等的求助信息。筆者在多年的英語教學(xué)中,根據(jù)自己的教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)和積累感悟,總結(jié)出在英語中常見的幾種表示被動(dòng)的非謂語結(jié)構(gòu),以及它們之間的區(qū)別和用法,下面就一一進(jìn)行分析。

一、常見的幾種表示被動(dòng)含義的非謂語動(dòng)詞形式

1. doing(ing分詞的一般形式)

2. being done(ing分詞的一般形式的被動(dòng)式)

3. having been done(ing分詞的完成形式的被動(dòng)式)

4. to do(動(dòng)詞不定式的一般形式)

5. to be done(動(dòng)詞不定式的一般形式的被動(dòng)式)

6. to have been done(動(dòng)詞不定式的完成形式的被動(dòng)式)

7. done(動(dòng)詞的過去分詞形式)

二、用法

1. doing表示被動(dòng)意義的用法并不是很多見,這在英語中叫作主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng),主要用于以下幾種情況中:

(1)三個(gè)“需要”:need, want, require。當(dāng)它們后接動(dòng)詞表示被動(dòng)含義時(shí),要求使用ing形式。如:

①M(fèi)y clock runs faster so it needs repairing.(相當(dāng)于to be repaired)

②The house is too old and it requires mending.(相當(dāng)于to be mended)

(2)“值得”:be worth doing,該詞組中的doing部分表示被動(dòng)含義。如: Luxuns works is worth reading. 在這里的“is worth reading”相當(dāng)于“is worthy to be read或is worthy of being read”。

2. being done表示與邏輯主語形成被動(dòng)關(guān)系,并且與謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或基本同時(shí)發(fā)生。如:

(1)Being taken on the way to hospital, the child cried to see his mother. (作狀語)

(2)Mr Smith likes being asked by his students. (作賓語)

(3)Just then all the villagers heard their county being attacked by the enemy. (作賓補(bǔ))

3. having been done表示與邏輯主語形成被動(dòng)關(guān)系,在謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí),該動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成,它作狀語時(shí),常跟介詞for的時(shí)間狀語,作賓語時(shí),常跟在一些必須要求跟動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)詞后或者介詞后。如:

(1)Having been kept in the cage for half a day, the bird became hungry. (作狀語)

(2)Lucy is so happy for having been sent to the west as a teacher last month. (作賓語)

4. to do跟在某些表性質(zhì)的形容詞后面,形式上是主動(dòng),但表示被動(dòng)意義。如:

(1)The question is easy to answer. 這問題容易回答。

(2)That book is difficult to understand. 那本書難懂。

5. to be done表示與邏輯主語形成被動(dòng)關(guān)系,其動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之后。如:

(1)To be elected president next year, Jackson is doing what he can to appeal to people. (狀語)

(2)Children, please get ready!There are 200 more trees to be planted this afternoon. (定語)

(3)Mr. Smith got into the police car, with a thief to be taken into the police office. (賓補(bǔ))

6. to have been done表示與邏輯主語形成被動(dòng)關(guān)系,在謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí),該動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成,在句子中常作賓語,且跟在一些必須要求跟動(dòng)詞不定式的動(dòng)詞之后。如:

(1)Many reporters are said to have been sent the disaster area to interview already. (賓語)

(2)Most of the work is reported to have been completed by this morning. (賓語)

7. done表示與邏輯主語形成被動(dòng)關(guān)系,在謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí),該動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成,它在英語中運(yùn)用比較廣泛,在句子中可作定語、表語、賓補(bǔ)和狀語。如:

(1)His father had a disease caused by smoking. (定語)

(2)A river in my hometown is polluted. (表語)

(3)The teacher spoke loudly to make himself heard by everyone. (賓補(bǔ))

(4)Seen from the top of the mountain, the city looks so beautiful. (狀語)

三、done, having been done, to have been done之間的聯(lián)系與區(qū)別

這三種非謂語形式與邏輯主語之間都存在著被動(dòng)的關(guān)系,而且都表示在謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作。但它們又各不相同。從形式上看,done是動(dòng)詞的過去分詞形式,having been done是ing分詞的一種變化形式,而to have been done則是動(dòng)詞不定式的一種變化形式。從用法上看,having been done在句子中主要充當(dāng)賓語或狀語,作賓語時(shí),它除了有被動(dòng)和完成的概念以外,更重要的一點(diǎn)是在它前面必須有一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或介詞,要求它用ing形式,而done在句子中不作賓語。作狀語時(shí),常跟有介詞for的時(shí)間狀語,而done不要求有這個(gè)條件。to have been done在句子中主要作賓語,而且在它前面必須有一個(gè)動(dòng)詞要求它用不定式的形式。done也不要求有這個(gè)條件。

總之,在英語學(xué)習(xí)中,語法有著相當(dāng)突出的位置,但是,學(xué)習(xí)語法是為了更好、更快地學(xué)習(xí)英語,而不能把語法當(dāng)做公式生搬硬套,只能把它作為英語學(xué)習(xí)中的一根拐杖,讓學(xué)生在運(yùn)用語言的過程中習(xí)得語法知識。