回眸全運(yùn)（之四）

六年的期待——七運(yùn)會(huì)

在七運(yùn)會(huì)之前，國(guó)家曾確定全運(yùn)會(huì)4年一屆，都是在奧運(yùn)會(huì)的前一年舉行，即體育健兒全運(yùn)會(huì)練兵、檢閱后再登奧運(yùn)賽場(chǎng)一搏。然而，每逢全運(yùn)會(huì)，各省市代表團(tuán)無(wú)不在爭(zhēng)奪金牌和獎(jiǎng)牌中竭盡全力，殘酷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，其結(jié)果反而影響轉(zhuǎn)年奧運(yùn)會(huì)的成績(jī)。在“奧運(yùn)金牌”戰(zhàn)略的指導(dǎo)思想下，當(dāng)時(shí)的國(guó)家體委決定，把全運(yùn)會(huì)的舉辦時(shí)間改為奧運(yùn)會(huì)后的一年。由于巴塞羅那奧運(yùn)會(huì)在1992年，第七屆全運(yùn)會(huì)即延遲到1993年舉行，距離上一屆整整6年。

1993年，七運(yùn)會(huì)與上屆全運(yùn)會(huì)時(shí)隔6年之后在北京和成都舉行。該屆會(huì)徽整體造型是一個(gè)火炬，火焰由羅馬字母 VII（七）字變型而成，炬柄成跑道造型，火炬下端標(biāo)明七運(yùn)會(huì)的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)。這屆全運(yùn)會(huì)就已經(jīng)開(kāi)始完全的市場(chǎng)化運(yùn)作，會(huì)徽的制作是通過(guò)進(jìn)行市場(chǎng)招標(biāo)而誕生的。

七運(yùn)會(huì)共設(shè)置金牌374枚；銀牌367枚；銅牌362枚。一年前，在1992年巴塞羅那奧運(yùn)會(huì)上，中國(guó)體育代表團(tuán)首次奪得16塊金牌，步入世界體育強(qiáng)國(guó)之列。本屆全運(yùn)會(huì)共計(jì)4人4次創(chuàng)4項(xiàng)世界記錄；18人4隊(duì)43次超21項(xiàng)世界記錄；4人4次平3項(xiàng)世界記錄；54人1隊(duì)93次創(chuàng)34項(xiàng)亞洲記錄；61人3隊(duì)143次超66項(xiàng)亞洲記錄；130人14隊(duì)273次創(chuàng)117項(xiàng)全國(guó)記錄。

與前六屆全運(yùn)會(huì)相比，七運(yùn)會(huì)產(chǎn)生了兩個(gè)之最：第一，承辦地區(qū)最多。第七屆全運(yùn)會(huì)首次由多個(gè)地區(qū)共同承辦，分設(shè)北京和四川兩個(gè)主賽區(qū)。在全部的43個(gè)比賽項(xiàng)目中，北京承辦包括田徑、游泳、體操等總共26個(gè)項(xiàng)目；四川承辦了包括跳水、水球、花樣游泳等項(xiàng)目在內(nèi)的15個(gè)比賽項(xiàng)目。另外，秦皇島市承辦了帆船和帆板兩個(gè)項(xiàng)目。第二，比賽時(shí)間最長(zhǎng)。四川賽區(qū)的比賽是在1993年8月15日至24日舉行的，北京賽區(qū)的比賽于1993年9月4日至9月15日舉行，總共22天。雖然本屆全運(yùn)會(huì)首次由三地協(xié)辦，京川相隔千山萬(wàn)水，但在多方共同的努力下，七運(yùn)會(huì)依然有條不紊地進(jìn)行。

第七屆全運(yùn)會(huì)的一個(gè)突出現(xiàn)象，是奧運(yùn)冠軍們的回歸。高敏等昔日的奧運(yùn)冠軍，在各方的努力下，重回全運(yùn)賽場(chǎng)。雖然他們已經(jīng)遠(yuǎn)離賽場(chǎng)多年，競(jìng)技狀態(tài)也難復(fù)當(dāng)年之勇，但在大賽經(jīng)驗(yàn)上，普通運(yùn)動(dòng)員仍然難以望其項(xiàng)背。實(shí)際上，奧運(yùn)冠軍逢全運(yùn)會(huì)復(fù)出這種現(xiàn)象，在之前早已有之，不過(guò)在七運(yùn)會(huì)上顯得尤為突出，之后高水平運(yùn)動(dòng)員選擇在全運(yùn)會(huì)上“回饋”培養(yǎng)自己的地方隊(duì)，便形成了一種“全運(yùn)現(xiàn)象”。值得一提的是，圍棋、航空航海模型、無(wú)線電測(cè)向等群眾、軍事項(xiàng)目在本屆作了最后的演出。在此后的全運(yùn)會(huì)中，這些項(xiàng)目再也沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)過(guò)。

在本屆全運(yùn)會(huì)上，遼寧隊(duì)以44塊金牌首次登頂，“馬家軍”的神奇表演也長(zhǎng)久地留在人們的記憶中。廣東以29塊金牌名列第二，上海26金排名第三。

新上海 新全運(yùn)——八運(yùn)會(huì)

1997年10月12日－24日，中華人民共和國(guó)第八屆運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)在上海舉行。這是二十世紀(jì)中國(guó)最后一次體育盛會(huì)，31個(gè)省、直轄市、自治區(qū)，香港特別行政區(qū)，解放軍以及13個(gè)行業(yè)體協(xié)共46個(gè)代表團(tuán)參加了這次運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)。香港作為中國(guó)特別行政區(qū)首次組團(tuán)參加全運(yùn)會(huì)，派出了168名運(yùn)動(dòng)員與內(nèi)地選手同場(chǎng)競(jìng)技，首次參賽便以兩枚金牌的佳績(jī)?cè)讵?jiǎng)牌榜上排第26位，并獲得了體育道德風(fēng)尚獎(jiǎng)。

當(dāng)時(shí)，新近設(shè)立的直轄市重慶也首次單獨(dú)組團(tuán)。參賽單位為歷屆全運(yùn)會(huì)之最。國(guó)際奧委會(huì)主席薩馬蘭奇應(yīng)中國(guó)奧委會(huì)主席伍紹祖之邀，乘飛機(jī)抵達(dá)上海，觀摩第八屆全國(guó)運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)。

本屆全運(yùn)會(huì)是新中國(guó)成立后上海第二次承辦的大型綜合性運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)。會(huì)徽?qǐng)D案由代表八運(yùn)會(huì)的8和代表上海的漢語(yǔ)拼音字母“S”重新組合，圖形外圍是紅色的“8”，中心形成一個(gè)白色的“S”，視覺(jué)上像一把火炬，又像一朵上海市花白玉蘭；下半部分以“8”字為基礎(chǔ)，像上海8萬(wàn)人體育館，一環(huán)套一環(huán)，象征著全國(guó)人民大團(tuán)圓。

這次全運(yùn)會(huì)采取了6項(xiàng)改革措施，一是突出奧運(yùn)會(huì)項(xiàng)目，28個(gè)大項(xiàng)中除武術(shù)以外全部是奧運(yùn)會(huì)項(xiàng)目；二是允許人才合理交流，各省相互交流運(yùn)動(dòng)員達(dá)1000余人，上海從外省引進(jìn)運(yùn)動(dòng)員101人，輸出99人；三是給解放軍、四川、重慶三隊(duì)以雙重計(jì)分的優(yōu)惠；四是給球類集體項(xiàng)目記雙牌雙分；五是給打破奧運(yùn)會(huì)項(xiàng)目世界紀(jì)錄者追加金牌；六是允許將上屆奧運(yùn)會(huì)的獎(jiǎng)牌計(jì)入運(yùn)動(dòng)員所在的代表團(tuán)。八運(yùn)會(huì)上采取的各項(xiàng)改革措施對(duì)以后的中國(guó)體育發(fā)展進(jìn)程影響深遠(yuǎn)。

時(shí)隔14年之后，全運(yùn)會(huì)重回上海。而此時(shí)身處改革開(kāi)放最前沿的上海，跟當(dāng)年的舉辦五運(yùn)會(huì)時(shí)相比，已經(jīng)完全不能等量齊觀。新建的8萬(wàn)人體育場(chǎng)，成為萬(wàn)眾矚目的焦點(diǎn)。八運(yùn)會(huì)，8萬(wàn)人，這個(gè)吉祥的數(shù)字符號(hào)一直貫穿在全運(yùn)會(huì)始終。

本屆全運(yùn)會(huì)上，還出現(xiàn)另一個(gè)“八萬(wàn)人”隊(duì)伍。有8萬(wàn)志愿者參與了八運(yùn)會(huì)的服務(wù)，他們不計(jì)報(bào)酬，全心全意地為八運(yùn)會(huì)服務(wù)。如此高水平的志愿者服務(wù)，在全運(yùn)會(huì)的歷史上可謂史無(wú)前例。

八運(yùn)會(huì)田徑賽場(chǎng)格外引人注目。馬俊仁執(zhí)教的“馬家軍”包攬了女子8000-10000米的所有金牌，女飛人李雪梅的百米成績(jī)甚至超過(guò)當(dāng)年世界錦標(biāo)賽百米冠軍瓊斯，在這屆全運(yùn)會(huì)上，共有179人659次超41項(xiàng)世界紀(jì)錄。其中16人19次打破7項(xiàng)奧運(yùn)會(huì)項(xiàng)目世界紀(jì)錄，4人4次平3項(xiàng)世界紀(jì)錄，成為打破世界紀(jì)錄最多的一屆全運(yùn)會(huì)。東道主上海力奪42金，首次排名第一，遼寧奪得39.5塊金牌，排名第二，而山東也以25金歷史性地進(jìn)入三甲。

Looking Back on the National Games

Six Years of Expectation—The Seventh National Games

In 1993， six years after the Sixth National Games， the Seventh National Games was held in Beijing and Chengdu. The emblem of the Seventh National Games was a torch. The flames of the torch formed the distorted shape of the Roman number VII. The torch handle was the shape of a running track. At the bottom of the torch were recorded the time and location of the Seventh National Games.

Compared with the previous National Games， two records were created at the Seventh National Games. First， the greatest number of regions were hosting the events. For the first time， the Seventh National Games were co-hosted by many regions. Two main stadia were established in Beijing and Sichuan. Moreover， Qinhuangdao City hosted the racing events of sailing and sailboarding. Second， the longest schedule of events.

A remarkable phenomenon of the Seventh National Games was the return of the Olympic gold medalists. Thanks to the efforts made by the people concerned， former Olympic champions like Gao Min returned to the arenas. What is worthy of being mentioned that the events such as go， aviation and navigation model， and amateur radio direction finding， performed their swan song at this National Games.

New Shanghai， New National Games—The Eighth National Games

On October 12-24， 1997， the Eighth National Games was held in Shanghai， which as the last grand sports event China held at the end of the 20th century. Forty-six delegations from 31 provinces， municipalities， autonomous regions， the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region， the PLA and 13 professional sports associations participated in the Games. The newly established municipality of Chongqing sent a team to participate in the Games for the first time. At the invitation of Chairman Wu Shaozu of the China Olympic Committee， Chairman Juan Antonio Samaranch of the International Olympic Committee flew to Shanghai to watch the Eighth National Games.

Six reform measures were adopted at the Eighth National Games. First， prominence was given to Olympic items. Among the 28 major events， save for martial arts， all the items were Olympic sports. Second， reasonable talents exchanges were allowed. More than 1，000 athletes were exchanged by the provinces and municipalities. Shanghai imported 101 athletes from other provinces and exported 99. Third， preferential double scoring was given to the teams from the PLA， Sichuan and Chongqing. Fourth， double medals and double scores were awarded for team ball games. Fifth， additional gold medals were presented to any athletes who broke Olympic records. Sixth， the medals won at the previous Olympic Games were allowed to be counted for the delegations with Olympic medalists.