高考英語閱讀理解搶分技巧

曾建蓉

技巧1 跳讀命題出處搶分

所謂跳讀，指的是根據(jù)問題信息跳躍性地閱讀文章的某些段落或某些句子。跳讀可以加強(qiáng)閱讀的針對性、節(jié)約閱讀時間和提高閱讀效率。許多閱讀理解的事實細(xì)節(jié)題均可用跳讀法在原文中找到相關(guān)的依據(jù)，從而迅速做出選擇。請看下面的實例（2008年福建卷）：

Using your card abroad

You can also use your Servicecard and Cashcard when youre abroad. You can withdraw cash at cash machines and pay for goods and services wherever you see the Cirrus or Maestro logo displayed.

We take a commission charge（手續(xù)費） of 2.25% of each cash withdrawal you make （up to ￡4） and a commission charge of 75 pence every time you use Maestro to pay for goods or services. We also apply a foreign-exchange transaction fee of 2.62%.

If you withdraw ￡200 from a cash machine abroad， you will be charged ______.

A. ￡4 B. ￡4.5

C. ￡5.25 D. ￡5.3

【分析】答案為A。由于題目涉及錢數(shù)，考生可以先掃視一下短文，初步確定該題目在文章中的出處，然后跳讀相應(yīng)的命題出處：We take a commission charge（手續(xù)費） of 2.25% of each cash withdrawal you make （up to ￡4）. 由此可知，所收手續(xù)費為200 ×2.25%＝4.5（英鎊）。但是根據(jù) up to ￡4（最高只收￡4）這一補(bǔ)充規(guī)定，答案只能是 A。

技巧2 巧用經(jīng)驗常識搶分

即指考生根據(jù)自己作為一個中學(xué)生所具備的各類常識（如生活常識、科普常識、史地常識等）以及英語語言的有關(guān)文化背景進(jìn)行答題。請看下面的實例（2008年福建卷）：

Use energy-efficient ceiling fans either alone or with air conditioning. Ceiling fans do a great job of circulating air. When used with air conditioning， fans allow you to raise the thermostat（恒溫器） and cut costs. Ceiling fans cool people， not rooms， so before you leave， turn off the ceiling fan.

According to the passage， the thermostat is used to .

A. make rooms quieter B. control room temperature

C. turn off the air conditioner D. reduce room air pollution

【分析】答案為 B。文章對 thermostat 給出了中文釋義“恒溫器”。根據(jù)常識，“恒溫器”的作用當(dāng)然就是控制溫度，所以答案可確定為 B。事實上，此題無需詳看原文，只需注意到 thermostat 后的中文注釋再結(jié)合生活常識即可選出答案。

請看一例（2008年浙江卷）：

Adrian?謘s “Amazing Race” started early when his parents realized that he， as a baby， couldn?謘t hear a thing， not even loud noises. In a special school for the hearing-impaired （聽覺受損的）， he learned sign language and got to mix with other disabled children. However， the sight of all the disabled children communicating with one another upset his mother. She wanted him to lead a normal life. So after speaking to an advisor， she sent him to private classes where he learned to read lips and pronounce words.

How did Adrian communicate with other children in the special school?

A. By speaking. B. By using sign language

C. By reading lips D. By making loud noises

【分析】答案為 B。此題可以從兩個方面來作答：一是利用跳讀命題出處可知，此題的命題依據(jù)是文中的 In a special school for the hearing-impaired（聽覺受損的）， he learned sign language and got to mix with other disabled children，由此可知答案。二是利用經(jīng)驗常識來作答，文章中說 Adrian 從小就聽不見（couldn't hear a thing），既然聽不見，應(yīng)該通過什么方式來交際呢？題目中提供了四種選擇：通過說話，通過使用手勢語，通過看嘴唇，通過發(fā)出很大的聲音。根據(jù)常識可知，只有“通過使用手勢語”最佳，故選 B。

技巧3 巧用畫圖列表搶分

有的閱讀材料由于涉及的人物、地點、事件、活動、數(shù)字等比較多或事件比較復(fù)雜，或其中動作或場景變化太快，此時可以根據(jù)所讀文章內(nèi)容草擬圖表，以幫助理清思路，把問題條理化。比如一篇關(guān)于地理的文章，在介紹方位時，可能講到 A 在 B 的東面，B 在 C 的南面，而 C 又在 D 的西面，如此東南西北地轉(zhuǎn)來轉(zhuǎn)去，你一定暈頭轉(zhuǎn)向了，但假若我們根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容邊讀邊畫個草圖，那就清清楚楚了?；蛘哂羞@樣一篇報道球賽的短文，其中涉及雙方隊員十余人，短文中說 A 把球傳給 B，又說 C 把球搶來傳給 D，看得你眼花繚亂，假若命題者在這里出一道題要你區(qū)分哪些球員是同一隊的，你一定不知道如何是好。但此時只要你列出一個圖表，將所有球員按照短文敘述的順序以及他們彼此的傳球關(guān)系一一羅列，其答案就會一目了然了。請看一篇實例：

There is a very simple way of measuring the height of a water-tower， which we cannot measure by climbing.

Suppose， for example， that we wish to find out the height of the water-tower AB in a factory， we first of all go to where the water-tower is standing and measure a distance of， say， 90 feet from it， in a straight line， marking the spot that is 90 feet from the water-tower， then we take a stick DC， and stand it in the ground at the spot we have just marked.

Let us suppose that the stick we are using is 4 feet in height. We now walk farther away from the water-tower in the same straight line as when we measured off the distance of 90 feet. We go from the water-tower until we come to a point E， where with our head on the ground， we see the top of the stick and the top of the water-tower in the same straight line—that is， the top of the stick just over the highest part of the water-tower.

We now have two triangles（三角形） and the proportion（比例） of the side CD to the side CE， in the smaller triangle CDE， is exactly the same as the proportion of the side BA to the side BE， in the large triangle BAE. It is clear from this that every schoolboy or schoolgirl can work out the height of the water-tower.

Suppose that the line CE is 5 feet. We know that the stick is 4 feet high and the length BE is 95 feet. From these measurements we have the simple proportion sum（算題）： 5 is to 4 as 95 is to AB. We multiply（乘） 95 by 4，making 380，and divided by 5. Then we can get the height of the water-tower. The height of any other building can， of course， be easily measured by using the same way.

1. The triangle CDE must be _______.

A. below the triangle BAE B. in the triangle BAE

C. out of the triangle BAE D. over the triangle BAE

2. The proportion of the side CD to the side CE is _______.

A. bigger than the proportion of the side BA to the side BE

B. equal to the proportion of the side BA to the side BE

C. not as big as the proportion of the side BA to the side BE

D. smaller than the proportion of the side BA to the side BE

【分析】做上面兩道題時，畫圖和不畫圖的區(qū)別是很明顯的——畫圖，思路清晰，操作簡便；不畫圖，思路不清晰，操作較復(fù)雜。上面第1題答案選 B，根據(jù)文章第2段和第3段畫出圖形，我們就能得到兩個三角形 CDE 和三角形 BAE，并且三角形 CDE 一定在三角形 BAE 中，故答案為 B。第2題答案為B，根據(jù)第4段中 the proportion（比例） of the side CD to the side CE， in the smaller triangle CDE， is exactly the same as the proportion of the side BA to the side BE， in the large triangle BAE 可知答案。

技巧4 巧用反證法搶分

所謂反證法，就是指當(dāng)一個選項無法確定或無法排除時，可以假定它正確或錯誤，并按此思路從文章中尋找線索，最后推出矛盾的結(jié)論。請看下面一例（2008年江西卷）：

Most people， when they travel to space， would like to stay in orbit for a few days or more. And this stands to reason， if youre paying $20，000 for your trip to orbit! So in order for tourism to reach its full potential theres going to be a need for orbital accommodation—or space hotels. What would a space hotel actually be like to visit? Hotels in orbit will offer the services you expect from a hotel—private rooms， meals， bars. But theyll also offer two unique experiences： impressive views—of Earth and space—and the endless entertainment of living in zero gravity—including sports and other activities that make use of this.

The hotels themselves will vary greatly—from being quite simple in the early days to huge luxury structure at a later date. Its actually surprising that as late as 1997， very few designs for space hotels were published. This is mainly because those who might be expected to design them havent expected launch costs to come down far enough to make them possible.

Lots of people whove been to space have described vividly what its like to live in zero gravity. There are obviously all sorts of possibilities for dancing， gymnastics， and zero-G sports. Luckily， you dont need to sleep much living in zero gravity， so youll have plenty of time for relaxing by hanging out in a bar with a window looking down at the turning Earth below.

Of course all good things have come to an end. Unfortunately， And so after a few days youll find yourself heading back though youll be much more expert at exercising in zero gravity than you were when you arrived. Youll be thinking how soon you can save up enough to get back up again—or maybe you should change jobs to get to work in an orbiting hotel.

Which of the following is not discussed in the passage?

A. When was the space traveling made possible?

B. What are the unique experiences that space hotels will offer?

C. Why were there not many published designs for space hotels?

D. How can the travelers enjoy themselves in space hotels?

【分析】假設(shè)選項B的內(nèi)容在文章中沒有涉及，但我們在第一段中的 But theyll also offer two unique experiences： impressive views—of Earth and space...可找到相關(guān)信息；假設(shè)選項 C 的內(nèi)容在文章中沒有提及，但我們在第二段結(jié)尾處的...very few designs for space hotels were published. This is mainly because those who might be expected to design them havent...可找到相應(yīng)信息；假設(shè)選項 D 的內(nèi)容在文章中沒有提及，但我們在第三段中的...youll have plenty of time for relaxing by hanging out in a bar...找到了相應(yīng)信息；而選項 A 的內(nèi)容，我們通讀全文后，沒有找到任何相關(guān)信息。故選 A。

技巧5 巧用首尾定位法做排序題

有的試題要求考生根據(jù)動作或事件發(fā)生的先后順序和句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系，找出其相應(yīng)的正確順序。同學(xué)們在做這種題時可采用“首尾定位法”，即最先找出第一個動作和最后一個動作，迅速縮小選擇范圍，從而快速選出正確答案。請看下面的例子（2008年福建卷）：

After the Summer Olympics are over， when all the athletics have gone home and the television audience has switched off， another group of athletics and fans will arrive at the host city， and another competition will begin. These are the Paralympics， the games for athletes with a disability. But in Beijing in 2008， for the first time， one of the greatest Paralympics will not be taking part.

She is a British athlete by the name of Tanni Grey-Thormpson. Born with spine hifida（脊椎裂） which left her paralysed from the waist down. Tanni used a wheelchair from the age of 7. At first， she was not keen on sport， apart from horse-riding， which gave her a sense of freedom. But in her teens， she started taking sports more seriously. She tried swimming， basketball and tennis. Eventually she found athletics， and never looked back.

Indeed， Tannis athletic career took off. In 1984， when she was 15， she pulled off a surprise victory in the 100 metres at the Junior National Wheelchair Games.

In 1998， Tanni went to her first Paralympic Games in Seoul. She won bronze in the 400 metres. Even greater success followed at the 1992 Barcelona Paralympics. Tanni won gold in the 100， 200， 400 and 800 metres relay， setting two world records in the process. In the same year she achieved the first of her six London Wheelchair Marathon victories.

Tannis enduring success had been part motivation（動機(jī)）， part preparation， “The training I do that enables me to be a good sprinter（短跑運動員） enables me to be good at a marathon too. I train 50 weeks of the year and that keeps me prepared for whatever distance I want to see.... I am still competing at a very high lever， but as I get older things get harder and I want to retire before I fall apart. ”

Indeed Tanni retired finally after the Visa Paralympic World Cup in 2007. Her wish is to coach young athletes for Beijing 2008 Olympic Games.

In spite of ups and downs， she never take her fate lying down. In her splendid life， she has won an amazing eleven gold medals， four silvers and one bronze in series of Paralympics—a top lever athletic career covering two decades. She has won the London Wheelchair Marathon six times， more than any other competitor， and she has set over thirty world records.

What advice does she have for young athletes? “Work hard at your studies， and then train， train and train again.”

Whats the right order of the events related to Tanni?

a. She works as a coach.

b. She took up athletics.

c. She won four gold medals in Barcelona.

d. She competed in her first Paralympic Games.

e. She achieved a victory in her first London Wheelchair Marathon.

A. b， d， c， e， a B. a， d， b， c， e

C. a， d， c， e， b D. b， d， a， e， c

【分析】答案為 A。運用首尾定位法，可根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容首先確定第一項和最后一項。根據(jù)第2段內(nèi)容及常識可知 b 應(yīng)排在第一位，故可排除 B 和 C。根據(jù)第6段的內(nèi)容可知 a 應(yīng)排在最后一項，故可排除 D。

技巧6 巧用先題后文法搶分

所謂先題后文，指的是先看題目后看文章，即看了題目后帶著問題去看文章。此時考生對短文中出現(xiàn)的那些與問題有關(guān)的詞句，可以用鉛筆做些記號，以便為下一步選擇做好準(zhǔn)備，但也不要每讀到一個與問題有關(guān)的信息點就停下來去對照后面的問題，因為這樣轉(zhuǎn)來轉(zhuǎn)去要耽誤一些時間。另一方面有些問題往往要通過對短文的全面了解才能作出結(jié)論，而不能僅從一兩個信息點作出判斷。對于不能一次性解決的難題，可以再次跳讀短文，進(jìn)一步比較和分析，最后找出答案。請看下面一篇文章（2008年江西卷）：

Opening week specials at Munchies Food Hall.

At the corner of Green and Brown Streets in the city

Monday 7th of January until Sunday，13rd of January 2008

Feast until youre full! Come down to Monetizes this week to enjoy the special dishes on offer at all of our food outlets. Order from the following：

●Succulent chicken rice ●spicy stays beef

●Delicious noodle dishes ●plump pork chips

●seafood specialties ●crunchy vegetables

●sweet tropical fruit

Halal food is available at the stall Malay Mood Heaven.

（10% discount on all orders above $20.00）

Win Prizes and Gifts!

●Spend ＄20. 00 or more and win instant prizes from our lucky draw box.

●Collect a free party balloon and whistle for each young diner.

●Enjoy a free meal if you are the first customer of the day at any of our stalls.

●Win a holiday to Western Australia. A free raffle ticket is given with every receipt. Just fill in your information and place your entry in the box provided.

Winner to be announced in The strait Times on the 15th of January.

Join in the Fun!

Between 7∶00 pm and 8∶00 pm each evening until the 15th of January， your favorite Channel 3 television actors and singers will entertain you：

●May Lee ●Jackie Chen ●Kim Yap ●Kamal

Autograph sessions will follow each performance! And who will be our extra special mystery star?

Come down on Saturday at noon to find out.

1. Munchies Food Hall does NOT sell ______.

A. lambB. beef

C. porkD. chicken

2. The prices at Munchies are ______.

A. lower than usual

B. bargain prices for the opening

C. lower far two people

D. lower if you spend ＄21.00

3. Everyone who eats at Munchies will receive a ______.

A. free raffle ticket B. lucky draw coupon

C. free meal D. balloon and whistle

4. I will find out who has won the top to Western Australia when I ______.

A. watch Channel 3 television

B. come down to Munchies at noon

C. read The Strait Times on the 15th of January

D. attend the lucky draw at Munchies Food Hall

【分析】做題時先看問題：

1. Munchies Food Hall does NOT sell ______.

2. The prices at Munchies are ______.

3. Everyone who eats at Munchies will receive a ______.

4. I will find out who has won the top to Western Australia when I ______.

其中第1題涉及 Munchies Food Hall 銷售什么和不銷售什么；第2題涉及 Munchies 的價格問題；第3題說的是人們在 Munchies 吃飯會得到什么東西；第4題的題干比較長，講的是什么時候可以了解到 who has won the top to Western Australia 這一消息。

了解了題目要求和問題之后，我們就可以帶著這些問題去跳讀文章了。

1. A。根據(jù) Order from the following 后面的內(nèi)容可知 Munchies Food Hall 不銷售 lamb，故答案為 A。

2. D。根據(jù)其中的 10% discount on all orders above ＄20.00 可知答案為 D。

3. A。根據(jù)其中 A free raffle ticket is given with every receipt 可知答案為 A。

4. C。根據(jù)其中的 Winner to be announced in The Strait Times on the 15th of January 可知答案為 C。

（編輯 周貞雄）