張建鵬, 鄒 衛(wèi)
肺的淋巴系統(tǒng)豐富,交通支廣泛且變異多。研究其淋巴回流路徑對(duì)了解肺癌淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移規(guī)律及提高淋巴結(jié)手術(shù)廓清的精確性具有指導(dǎo)意義。
肺的淋巴管有淺、深兩組[1]。淺組淋巴管位于臟層胸膜下肺的表面,由淺網(wǎng)發(fā)出的淋巴管匯集成胸膜下集合管,多方向向肺門集中。深組淋巴管位于肺實(shí)質(zhì)內(nèi),可分為小葉間和小葉內(nèi)淋巴管。小葉間淋巴管網(wǎng)位于小葉之間的結(jié)締組織內(nèi),主要匯入小葉間隔內(nèi)靜脈周圍淋巴管叢。小葉內(nèi)淋巴管網(wǎng)位于終末細(xì)支氣管和呼吸性細(xì)支氣管的黏膜下層和外膜,與肺動(dòng)脈和肺靜脈周圍的淋巴叢相交通。深淺兩組淋巴引流系統(tǒng)間吻合支豐富,變異極多。Nohl-Oser[2]認(rèn)為各肺葉肺內(nèi)淋巴液回流路徑為段支氣管周圍淋巴結(jié),沿段間回流至葉門,再經(jīng)葉間回流到肺門。Riquet[3]通過對(duì)360具成人尸體進(jìn)行臟層胸膜下注射染料研究肺組織淋巴回流情況發(fā)現(xiàn)右上葉淋巴液主要經(jīng)氣管旁通路及靜脈間隙通路上行注入右側(cè)頸靜脈角,一部分淋巴液回流到隆凸下淋巴結(jié)后再沿右側(cè)兩條通路上行。左上葉淋巴液主要沿動(dòng)脈間隙和氣管旁通路向上回流,另一部分先回流至隆凸下淋巴結(jié)再沿左側(cè)兩條通路上行,最后注入左側(cè)頸靜脈角,部分舌段的淋巴液可回流到食管旁淋巴結(jié)和下肺韌帶淋巴結(jié)。右中下葉及左下葉的淋巴液可先回流到食管旁淋巴結(jié)和下肺韌帶淋巴結(jié)向上注入到隆凸下淋巴結(jié),也可直接回流至隆凸下淋巴結(jié),然后分別沿右側(cè)或左側(cè)兩條通路上行注入右及左側(cè)頸靜脈角。Riquet[4]認(rèn)為各條淋巴鏈?zhǔn)且环N功能性實(shí)體,他們?cè)陬i靜脈角處或經(jīng)胸導(dǎo)管將肺內(nèi)淋巴液導(dǎo)入體循環(huán),主要通過以下通路形成交匯:(1)右前氣管旁鏈;(2)氣管-食管鏈;(3)主動(dòng)脈-頸動(dòng)脈鏈;(4)左支氣管鏈和左側(cè)喉返鏈;(5)膈鏈。當(dāng)一條淋巴鏈?zhǔn)艿侥[瘤細(xì)胞侵犯時(shí),其系統(tǒng)性轉(zhuǎn)移的幾率已高于70%,侵犯兩條淋巴鏈,轉(zhuǎn)移幾率高于90%,當(dāng)縱隔淋巴結(jié)累及對(duì)側(cè)淋巴鏈時(shí),幾乎100%發(fā)生系統(tǒng)性轉(zhuǎn)移。
由于肺、縱隔間淋巴回流通路復(fù)雜,交通支廣泛,部分肺縱隔間淋巴回流往往不能遵循上述的一般規(guī)律。左下葉淋巴液注入隆凸下淋巴結(jié)后,有相當(dāng)一部分沿右側(cè)氣管旁通路及靜脈間隙通路上行注入右側(cè)頸靜脈角[5]。雙肺下葉的淋巴液除向上回流外,還有一部分通過膈肌注入腹腔淋巴結(jié)。Topol等[6]通過尸體肺臟層胸膜下染料注射發(fā)現(xiàn)肺段與縱隔淋巴結(jié)之間存在直接的淋巴引流通道,這種情況的發(fā)生率在右肺為13.2%,左肺為7.2%,以右上肺及其前段發(fā)生率最高。下肺基底段有直接的淋巴引流通路到達(dá)位于上葉支氣管旁淋巴結(jié),甚至有一些肺段內(nèi)的淋巴引流已超出縱隔淋巴結(jié)的范圍,直接注入鎖骨下靜脈和胸導(dǎo)管[7]。
非小細(xì)胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC)淋巴轉(zhuǎn)移途徑與淋巴引流方向有關(guān),肺原發(fā)腫瘤的位置在一定程度上可以決定縱隔淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的部位。Asamura等[8]通過對(duì)166例NSCLC患者進(jìn)行回顧性研究,認(rèn)為右上葉肺癌主要以右下氣管前淋巴結(jié)(第4組)轉(zhuǎn)移為主;右中下葉肺癌主要轉(zhuǎn)移至隆突下淋巴結(jié)(第7組),并有較高的上縱隔淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率;左上葉尖后段、前段肺癌以主動(dòng)脈-肺動(dòng)脈窗淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移為主(第5組),而左舌段肺癌及左下葉肺癌主要轉(zhuǎn)移至隆突下淋巴結(jié)(第7組)。Cerfolio等[9]通過對(duì)954例NSCLC患者進(jìn)行回顧性分析,認(rèn)為右上葉肺癌主要轉(zhuǎn)移至右側(cè)第4組淋巴結(jié);右中下葉肺癌主要轉(zhuǎn)移至右側(cè)第4組淋巴結(jié)和第7組淋巴結(jié);左上葉肺癌主要轉(zhuǎn)移至第6組淋巴結(jié);左下葉肺癌以第7組淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移為主。吳楠等[10]通過對(duì)124例右側(cè)NSCLC患者行全肺或肺葉切除并行系統(tǒng)性縱隔淋巴結(jié)廓清術(shù),得到相似結(jié)論。
故現(xiàn)代肺癌外科學(xué)認(rèn)為[11]肺淋巴回流通路是NSCLC淋巴轉(zhuǎn)移的解剖學(xué)基礎(chǔ),是縱隔淋巴結(jié)廓清術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)與依據(jù),對(duì)肺癌的綜合治療及預(yù)后分析有著極為重要的作用。
NSCLC淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移是影響其預(yù)后的主要因素,特別是縱隔淋巴結(jié)的轉(zhuǎn)移[12]。然而NSCLC淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移具有跨區(qū)域、跳躍性轉(zhuǎn)移的特點(diǎn)。Watanabe等[13]定義腫瘤位置所在區(qū)域的淋巴結(jié)為區(qū)域淋巴結(jié)。以氣管分叉為界,右上葉區(qū)域縱隔淋巴結(jié)包括第1~4組淋巴結(jié),左上葉區(qū)域縱隔淋巴結(jié)包括第1~6組淋巴結(jié),下葉區(qū)域縱隔淋巴結(jié)包括第7~9組淋巴結(jié)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)下葉肺癌非區(qū)域性淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的發(fā)生率為22%,上葉肺癌非區(qū)域淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的發(fā)生率為8%。跳躍性淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移是指NSCLC在無(wú)N1轉(zhuǎn)移的情況下發(fā)生的N2轉(zhuǎn)移[14],其發(fā)生率占術(shù)后N2分級(jí)患者的20%~40%[15-16]。鑒于上述NSCLC縱隔淋巴結(jié)的轉(zhuǎn)移特點(diǎn),為保證完整性切除,系統(tǒng)性縱隔淋巴結(jié)廓清術(shù)是被推薦的[17-18]。文獻(xiàn)表明[19-20],系統(tǒng)性縱隔淋巴結(jié)廓清術(shù)與系統(tǒng)性縱隔淋巴結(jié)采樣術(shù)和單純隨機(jī)淋巴結(jié)采樣術(shù)相比,5年生存率顯著高于后兩種術(shù)式。系統(tǒng)性縱隔淋巴結(jié)廓清術(shù)的優(yōu)勢(shì)在于:(1)可更加全面地廓清腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié),降低局部復(fù)發(fā)率,直接起到治療作用[21];(2)可更加全面地評(píng)價(jià)縱隔淋巴結(jié)的轉(zhuǎn)移情況,術(shù)后病理分級(jí)更準(zhǔn)確,消除因偏倚造成的統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)誤差,指導(dǎo)合理的后續(xù)治療[21-22]。然而嚴(yán)格的系統(tǒng)性縱隔淋巴結(jié)廓清術(shù)手術(shù)范圍較大:對(duì)右肺癌須清除右上葉支氣管旁、無(wú)名動(dòng)脈及上腔靜脈間、右側(cè)氣管旁的全部淋巴組織;對(duì)左肺癌須清除膈神經(jīng)及迷走神經(jīng)旁、主動(dòng)脈弓上、左主支氣管周圍全部淋巴組織;無(wú)論左右側(cè)肺癌,均須徹底清除7、8、9、11 和12 組淋巴結(jié)及其周圍淋巴組織[23]。有報(bào)道[23]認(rèn)為系統(tǒng)性縱隔淋巴結(jié)廓清術(shù)與系統(tǒng)性縱隔淋巴結(jié)采樣術(shù)相比,并不增加術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率和病死率,但Okada等[24]發(fā)現(xiàn)兩種術(shù)式術(shù)后并發(fā)癥總體發(fā)生率分別為17.3% 和10.1%,主要并發(fā)癥有:心律失常、肺炎及肺膨脹不良、乳糜胸及持續(xù)漏氣。隨著對(duì)縱隔淋巴結(jié)的功能及縱隔淋巴結(jié)廓清術(shù)術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的認(rèn)識(shí),對(duì)縱隔淋巴結(jié)廓清范圍及適應(yīng)證亦出現(xiàn)了爭(zhēng)議。Yoshimasu等[25]報(bào)道了對(duì)58例NSCLC區(qū)域淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移陰性的患者采取了限制性的縱隔淋巴結(jié)切除術(shù),其Ia期、Ib期腫瘤特異性5年生存率分別為96.6%和67.4%;Muraoka等[26]通過對(duì)64例I期NSCLC患者行特定組群的縱隔淋巴結(jié)采樣術(shù)并行術(shù)中快速冰凍病理檢查,若病理結(jié)果陰性,則避免行系統(tǒng)性縱隔淋巴結(jié)廓清術(shù)。結(jié)果在64例患者中有53例患者接受了縱隔淋巴結(jié)采樣術(shù),其5年生存率為82%,效果滿意。這些限制性縱隔淋巴結(jié)廓清術(shù)或采樣術(shù)主要針對(duì)I期NSCLC患者尤其是一般狀態(tài)較差、高齡、術(shù)前肺功能較差、合并其他臟器功能不全的患者,不失為一種合適的外科治療方式[26]。然而隨著病程的發(fā)展,對(duì)于中、晚期NSCLC患者,限制性縱隔淋巴結(jié)廓清術(shù)或采樣術(shù)是否恰當(dāng)則仍需進(jìn)一步研究。
如何既保證完整性切除,又減少免疫功能的損傷及術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,NSCLC前哨淋巴結(jié)檢測(cè)技術(shù)為此提供了一個(gè)新思路。前哨淋巴結(jié)最初由Busch等于1963年報(bào)道[27],是指原發(fā)腫瘤的局部淋巴循環(huán)中出現(xiàn)的第一個(gè)或第一組淋巴結(jié),即淋巴回流最先到達(dá)的淋巴結(jié),他首先接納腫瘤細(xì)胞并能夠限制其進(jìn)一步轉(zhuǎn)移,其病理學(xué)狀態(tài)可代表整個(gè)區(qū)域淋巴結(jié)的狀態(tài)。而前哨淋巴結(jié)檢測(cè)技術(shù)最主要的作用之一就是找到有代表意義的前哨淋巴結(jié),即引流腫瘤淋巴液并最先種植、發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移的淋巴結(jié),指導(dǎo)病理學(xué)檢驗(yàn)時(shí)利用連續(xù)切片及免疫組織化學(xué)、RT-PCR等技術(shù),重點(diǎn)對(duì)“可疑”淋巴結(jié)進(jìn)行更詳細(xì)的檢查,以提高淋巴結(jié)微轉(zhuǎn)移的檢出率[28],明確區(qū)域淋巴結(jié)狀態(tài),為制定更合理的治療方案提供依據(jù)。通過對(duì)NSCLC淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移規(guī)律的研究,肺癌前哨淋巴結(jié)是存在的。然而NSCLC具有較高的跨區(qū)域及跳躍性轉(zhuǎn)移率,其前哨淋巴結(jié)有無(wú)限制腫瘤細(xì)胞進(jìn)一步轉(zhuǎn)移的能力是決定NSCLC前哨淋巴結(jié)檢測(cè)技術(shù)應(yīng)用價(jià)值的一個(gè)核心問題。有學(xué)者[11,29]認(rèn)為病理?xiàng)l件下腫瘤壓迫,瘤栓阻塞淋巴管以及肺內(nèi)一些直接引流至縱隔的淋巴通道是造成NSCLC淋巴結(jié)跨區(qū)域及跳躍性轉(zhuǎn)移的原因,而并非肺內(nèi)、縱隔淋巴結(jié)對(duì)腫瘤細(xì)胞無(wú)限制作用,這是NSCLC前哨淋巴結(jié)檢測(cè)技術(shù)應(yīng)用的一個(gè)先決條件。
肺淋巴回流通路復(fù)雜,NSCLC淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移變異多,為NSCLC前哨淋巴結(jié)檢測(cè)技術(shù)提供了廣泛的應(yīng)用前景。目前常用的NSCLC前哨淋巴結(jié)檢測(cè)技術(shù)有核素法和應(yīng)用異舒泛藍(lán)等染色劑的染色法,其中核素法檢測(cè)準(zhǔn)確性和特異性最高[30]。然而核素法檢測(cè)需要特殊的設(shè)備,且對(duì)核放射性原料需要特殊管理,難以在國(guó)內(nèi)普遍開展。Rzyman等[31]報(bào)道對(duì)110例NSCLC患者行藍(lán)染法檢測(cè)前哨淋巴結(jié),發(fā)現(xiàn)其前哨淋巴結(jié)檢出率僅為27%,敏感性為67%,其結(jié)論為藍(lán)染法不宜用于NSCLC前哨淋巴結(jié)檢測(cè)。納米活性炭是一種新型的淋巴示蹤劑,具有優(yōu)良的吸附性能,已應(yīng)用于結(jié)腸癌等實(shí)體腫瘤[32]。與其他示蹤劑相比,納米活性炭具有較強(qiáng)的淋巴趨向性、在組織局部淋巴結(jié)停留時(shí)間長(zhǎng)、染色迅速、色彩醒目、毒副作用低、可攜帶化療藥物起到化療作用等特點(diǎn)。李樹本等[33]對(duì)20例肺癌患者行胸腔鏡下淋巴結(jié)廓清術(shù)時(shí)應(yīng)用納米活性炭混懸注射液,其前哨淋巴結(jié)檢出率為91.5%,實(shí)驗(yàn)組平均淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)、癌性轉(zhuǎn)移檢出率均高于對(duì)照組,且兩組術(shù)中清掃淋巴結(jié)時(shí)間無(wú)明顯差異。由于納米活性炭具有醒目的染色作用,有助于病理科醫(yī)師更好地尋找肺內(nèi)淋巴結(jié),從而更準(zhǔn)確地判斷患者預(yù)后。有資料表明[34]對(duì)于N1淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移陽(yáng)性的NSCLC患者,多站N1淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移是增加局部復(fù)發(fā)與遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移的獨(dú)立因素。有報(bào)道[35]應(yīng)用納米活性炭攜帶化療藥物進(jìn)行區(qū)域化療,為肺癌的綜合治療提供了一個(gè)新思路。然而將納米活性炭應(yīng)用于NSCLC外科治療的報(bào)道較少,其效果有待進(jìn)一步評(píng)價(jià)。
淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移是NSCLC最常見的轉(zhuǎn)移途徑,是影響手術(shù)切除率、手術(shù)根治性及導(dǎo)致術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)和死亡的主要原因。肺淋巴回流通路是NSCLC淋巴轉(zhuǎn)移的解剖學(xué)基礎(chǔ),深入對(duì)肺淋巴回流規(guī)律的認(rèn)識(shí),可以加深對(duì)NSCLC淋巴結(jié)廓清術(shù)及NSCLC前哨淋巴結(jié)檢測(cè)技術(shù)的理解,從而更加合理地進(jìn)行手術(shù),既保證手術(shù)的根治性,又避免盲目廓清所帶來的損害,并能準(zhǔn)確地進(jìn)行臨床分期,指導(dǎo)術(shù)后合理治療。
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