一、簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句、復(fù)合句
1.簡(jiǎn)單句(主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ))
只有—個(gè)主語(yǔ)(或并列主語(yǔ))和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)(或并列謂語(yǔ))的句子叫簡(jiǎn)單句。簡(jiǎn)單句共有五種類型。例如:
She can sing an English song.
她能唱一首英文歌曲。
Both father and mother are fighting against SARS. 父母都在同“非典”作斗爭(zhēng)。
2.并列句(簡(jiǎn)單句+并列連詞+簡(jiǎn)單句)
所謂并列句,就是將兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句用并列連詞(如so,but,and或or等)連接而組成的句群。這些句群之間有如下關(guān)系。
1)順接關(guān)系
常見(jiàn)的表示并列關(guān)系的句群主要體現(xiàn)在并列連詞“and(和)”、“not only…but also…(不但……而且……)”等的結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如:
It's getting late,and we have to get up early next morning.
已經(jīng)很晚了,我們明天早上還得早起。
Not only he loves the teachers,but also the teachers love him.
不但他愛(ài)老師,而且老師也愛(ài)他。
2)轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系
常見(jiàn)的表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的句群主要體現(xiàn)在并列連詞“but(但是)”、“yet(可是)”、“while(然而)”、“however(然而)”等詞上。例如:
I'm poor,but I always enjoy myself.
我沒(méi)有錢,但是我總是過(guò)得很愉快!
He worked hard,yet he failed.
他工作努力,可是沒(méi)有成功。
Lucy is wearing a yellow skirt while Lily is wearing a blue one.
露茜穿著一件黃色的裙子,而莉莉穿著一件藍(lán)色的裙子。
She tried her best,however,she failed.
她盡了最大努力,然而失敗了。
3)因果關(guān)系
常見(jiàn)的表示因果關(guān)系的句群主要體現(xiàn)在并列連詞“because”、“for(因?yàn)?”等詞上。例如:
Because I'm rich,I can buy myself lots of nice things.
因?yàn)槲液苡绣X,所以我可以為自己買很多好東西!
It is going to rain, for the sky is dark.
要下雨了,因?yàn)樘焐馨怠?/p>
4)選擇關(guān)系
常見(jiàn)的表示選擇關(guān)系的句群主要體現(xiàn)在并列連詞“or(或者、否則)”、“either…or…(要么……要么……)”等詞上。例如:
Be quick,or you'll be late.
快點(diǎn),否則你就要遲到了。
The children may go with us,or they may stay at home.
孩子們或是跟我們走,或是留在家里。
注意
使用并列句須注意
并列連詞后的簡(jiǎn)單句如果與其前的簡(jiǎn)單句有相同的部分,則相同的部分??墒÷?。例如:
My father works in a factory and my mother in a school.
我父親在工廠工作,我母親在學(xué)校工作。
Some of us learn English, others Japanese.
我們中的一些人學(xué)英語(yǔ),另—些人學(xué)日語(yǔ)。
3. 復(fù)合句(主語(yǔ)+連詞+從句;或連詞+從句+主句)
復(fù)合句往往包含有兩個(gè)或更多的主謂結(jié)構(gòu),其中一個(gè)(或更多)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)充當(dāng)句子的某一成分,如主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)等。這種作為一個(gè)句子成分的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)稱為從句。根據(jù)句法作用不同,從句可分為名詞性從句(包括主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句),形容詞性從句(包括定語(yǔ)從句),副詞性從句(包括時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、條件、原因、目的、讓步、方式狀語(yǔ)從句)。
例如:
I think that you should get on well with your sister.(賓語(yǔ)從句)
我認(rèn)為你應(yīng)該和你妹妹相處好。
He has to leave because his mother is ill. (原因狀語(yǔ)從句) 他不得不離開(kāi)是因?yàn)樗麐寢尣×恕?/p>
Speak clearly so that we can understand you.(目的狀語(yǔ)從句)
說(shuō)清楚一點(diǎn)以便于我們都能夠理解。
I have as many books as you do.(比較狀語(yǔ)從句) 我的書和你的書一樣多。
You look as if you are very tired.(方式狀語(yǔ)從句) 你看上去似乎很疲勞。
二、狀語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、定語(yǔ)從句
1.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句
常由when,before,after,as soon as,until,since等連詞引導(dǎo),要根據(jù)連詞所表示的不同意義來(lái)推斷主從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài),這是掌握時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)鍵。
(1)由when引導(dǎo)的從句:表示主句的動(dòng)作和從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,或從句動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之前,或主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生在從句動(dòng)作之前。例如:
When it rains , I go to school by bus.
下雨的時(shí)候,我乘公共汽車上學(xué)。
I was drawing a horse when he came in.
當(dāng)他進(jìn)來(lái)時(shí),我正在畫一匹馬。
When he pressed the button, the lift stopped.
他一按電鈕,電梯就停了。
I'll tell you when he comes back.
他回來(lái)時(shí),我將告訴你。
The train had left when I got there.
當(dāng)我到達(dá)那兒時(shí),火車已經(jīng)離開(kāi)了。
注意
while,when和as的用法比較
while意為“當(dāng)……時(shí)候”,常表示一段較長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間或一個(gè)過(guò)程,強(qiáng)調(diào)主句的動(dòng)詞和從句的動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)是同時(shí)發(fā)生的。例如:
Don't talk so loud while others are working.
別人工作時(shí),請(qǐng)勿大聲說(shuō)話。
when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,通常指時(shí)間的一點(diǎn),從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用終止性動(dòng)詞;但它也可以指一段時(shí)間,從句中用持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。when引導(dǎo)的從句表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),可以與主句表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)同時(shí)發(fā)生,也可以是先后或緊接著發(fā)生。例如:
He was only the when he began to work.
他10歲時(shí)就開(kāi)始干活了。
It was raining hard when I got there.
我到達(dá)那里時(shí),正在下大雨。
as表示“當(dāng)……時(shí)候”,往往可以和when互換,但它通常表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的過(guò)程,而不表示狀態(tài)。在表示“隨著……”或“一邊……一邊……”的意思時(shí)。要用as。例如:
As we walked we talked. 我們邊走邊談。
(2)由before引導(dǎo)的從句:一般表示主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在從句動(dòng)作之前。例如:
I didn't know any English before I came here. 我到這兒之前,一點(diǎn)兒英語(yǔ)都不會(huì)。
He had finished writing the new words before his parents came back.
在他父母回來(lái)前,他就寫完了那些生詞。
We won't leave before he comes back.
在他回來(lái)前,我們不會(huì)離開(kāi)。
注意
since和before的用法比較
兩者均可用于“It + be…+ since/before-從句”的句型。區(qū)別在于since表示“自從……以來(lái)”,所在主、從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)關(guān)系是:It is/has been some time since sb.did sth.。而 before的含義是“(過(guò)了多久)才……”,主、從句的時(shí)態(tài)關(guān)系是:It was/had been some time before sb.did sth。表過(guò)去和將來(lái)時(shí),兩者相應(yīng)的句型分別是:It was some time since sb. had done sth.和It will be some time before sb. does sth.如:
It is 30 years since he joined the revolution.
他參加革命已三十年了。
It was three days before he came back.
他三天后才回來(lái)。
(3)由after引導(dǎo)的從句:表示主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在從句動(dòng)作之后。例如:
After he locked the door, he left.
他鎖上門后就離開(kāi)了。
After he had done the work, he watched TV.
他干完工作后,看電視。
They will help you after you tell them.
你告訴他們之后,他們將幫助你。
(4)由as soon as引導(dǎo)的從句。例如:
I'll give you a ring as soon as I get there.
我一到那兒就給你打電話。
As soon as she heard the bad news, she began to cry.
她一聽(tīng)到這個(gè)不幸的消息,就開(kāi)始哭。
(5)由until引導(dǎo)的從句:①當(dāng)主句的謂語(yǔ)是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞時(shí),主句用肯定式。②當(dāng)主句的謂語(yǔ)是終止性動(dòng)詞時(shí),主句用否定式。例如:
I waited until he came back.
我一直等到他回來(lái)。
We won't leave the classroom until we finish working out the mathes problem.
直到算出那些數(shù)學(xué)題,我們才離開(kāi)教室。
(6)由since引導(dǎo)的從句:表示“自從……以來(lái)”,從句常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài),主句常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)或一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。例如:
He has made many friends since he came to China. 自他到中國(guó)以來(lái),他已結(jié)交了許多朋友。
It is three years since he joined the League.
他已入團(tuán)三年了。
注意
含有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的復(fù)合句,如果主句是一般將來(lái)時(shí),從句必須用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)。例如:
She will come back when her mother calls her. 她媽媽給打電話時(shí)她將回家。
He will be glad when he gets his friends' letters. 當(dāng)他收到他朋友的來(lái)信他將會(huì)很高興。
2. 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句
常用where或wherever引導(dǎo)。例如:
We live where the two rivers meet.
我們住在兩條河的交匯處。
I'll go where I'm needed.
我將到需要我的地方去。
Wherever you go,you must remember to protect the environment.無(wú)論你走到哪里,你必須記著去保護(hù)環(huán)境。
3. 原因狀語(yǔ)從句
常由because,as,for,sinee等連詞引導(dǎo)。例如:
As I didn't know the answer, I asked Li Lei for help.由于我不知道答案,我請(qǐng)李雷幫忙。
Since you know about it, tell me, please.
既然你知道這件事,請(qǐng)快告訴我。
He didn't catch the morning bus because he got up late.
他沒(méi)趕上早班車是因?yàn)樗鸫餐砹恕?/p>
We had to stay at home for we had lots of homework to do.
我們必須呆在家里是因?yàn)槲覀冇性S多作業(yè)要做。
注意
because,since,as和for的用法比較
because表示直接的原因或理由,表示原因的語(yǔ)氣最強(qiáng);常表示必然的因果關(guān)系?;卮鹨?why引起的特殊疑問(wèn)句,只能用because。如:
He is absent today because he is ill.
他今天缺課,因?yàn)樗×恕?/p>
since表示對(duì)方已經(jīng)知曉、無(wú)須加以說(shuō)明的原因或事實(shí),語(yǔ)氣比because稍弱。如:
I'll do it for you since you are busy.
既然你忙,我來(lái)替你做吧。
as表示的往往是十分明顯的原因,聽(tīng)者或讀者已經(jīng)知道或能看得出來(lái),語(yǔ)氣較弱,比較口語(yǔ)化。如:
As you object , I'll change the plan.
既然你反對(duì),我將改變計(jì)劃。
for是并列連詞,它引導(dǎo)的分句不表示直接的原因,而是用來(lái)附帶解釋或說(shuō)明前面一句的情況。for引導(dǎo)的分句常位于第一分句之后,它們之間用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。如:
It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning.
昨晚準(zhǔn)是下雨了,今天早上地面還是濕的。
4.條件狀語(yǔ)w從句
常由if(假如,如果),unless(如果不,除非)來(lái)引導(dǎo),條件狀語(yǔ)從句中必須用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)。例如:
If he wants to succeed,he mustwork harder.
如果他想成功,他必須更加努力工作。
If it snows tomorrow, we'll go skating.
如果明天下雪,我們將去滑雪。
We won't take part in the game unless we are free.
除非我們有空,否則我們將不去參加那個(gè)游戲。
She will be here on time unless there's something wrong with her.
除非她出了問(wèn)題,否則她將會(huì)準(zhǔn)時(shí)來(lái)這兒的。
5. 目的狀語(yǔ)從句
目的狀語(yǔ)從句常由so that,in order that等引導(dǎo)。例如:
He got up early this morning so that he could got to school earlier.
他今天早起床,于是能早一些到校。
Hurry up in order that we can plant more trees. 抓緊點(diǎn)我們就能多植些樹。
6. 結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句
(1)常由so(結(jié)果),so…that;such…that;so that(結(jié)果)等引導(dǎo)。例如:
He drives carefully,so he has never had any accidents. 他開(kāi)車小心,所以從來(lái)沒(méi)發(fā)生事故。
It's such a fine day that we had better go for a walk. 天氣如此好,我們最好去散散步。
It's so cold that no one can play outside.
天太冷了,沒(méi)有人能在外面玩。
He spent all his money so that he could hardly go home.
他把所有的錢全花光了,結(jié)果差點(diǎn)回不了家。
(2)so…that…意為“如此……以至于……”,引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句,此句型在初中階段是一重點(diǎn)句型。學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)需注意:若主句的謂語(yǔ)是系動(dòng)詞be,feel,become等時(shí),so修飾形容詞;若主句的謂語(yǔ)是行為動(dòng)詞時(shí),so修飾副詞。例如:
He is so young that he can't join the army.
他太小了,還不到參軍的年齡。
It rained so heavily that he couldn't get there on time.雨下得這么大,他沒(méi)能準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá)那兒。
(3)so…that…與幾種簡(jiǎn)單句之間的句型轉(zhuǎn)換。
①當(dāng)so…that…句型中的that從句是否定句,且主句與從句的主語(yǔ)一致時(shí),常與簡(jiǎn)單句too…to do sth.句型進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換。例如:
I'm so short that I can't reach the apples on the tree=I'm too short to reach the apples on the tree.(我個(gè)子太矮夠不著標(biāo)上的蘋果)
②當(dāng)so…that…句型中的that從句是否定句,且主句與從句的主語(yǔ)不一致時(shí),常與簡(jiǎn)單句too…for sb.to do sth. 句型進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換。例如:
This maths problem is so hard that he can't work it out. =This maths problem is too hard for him to work out.
這道數(shù)學(xué)題很難,他解答不出來(lái)。
③當(dāng)so…that…句型中的that從句是肯定句,且主句與從句的主語(yǔ)一致時(shí),常與簡(jiǎn)單句…enough to do sth.句型進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換。例如:
He worked so hard that he passed the exam.=He worked hard enough to pass the exam.
他學(xué)習(xí)很用功,考試順利過(guò)關(guān)。
④當(dāng)so…that…句型中的that從句是肯定句,且主句與從句的主語(yǔ)不一致時(shí),常與簡(jiǎn)單句…enough for sb. to do sth.句型進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換。例如:
The coat is so cheap that I can buy it.=The coat is cheap enough for me to buy.
這件上衣很便宜,我能買得起。
⑤當(dāng)so…that…句型中的that從句是肯定句,但其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞相當(dāng)于not...時(shí),如:miss=not catch (up with),fail=not pass,fall behind=not catch up with等,既可與too…to…也可與…enough to…等句型進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換。例如:
Kate got up so late that she missed the early bus.(改為簡(jiǎn)單句)→Kate got up too late to catch the early bus.
凱特起床遲了誤了早班車。
(4)so…that與such…that的區(qū)別。這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)都可引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。so是副詞,后接形容詞或副詞;such是形容詞,后接名詞。還須注意以下九點(diǎn):
①在so…that與such…that中間出現(xiàn)的是單數(shù)名詞,且該名詞前有形容詞修飾時(shí),這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)可互換,但要注意它們的詞序不同:such + a/an + 形容詞+名詞=so + 形容詞 + a/an+名詞。例如:
She is such a good teacher(=so good a teacher) that all of us love her.她是一位很好的老師,我們都愛(ài)她。
②如果被修飾的是不可數(shù)名詞或復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞時(shí),一般須用such...that。如:
He made such rapid progress that before long he began to write articles in English.
他進(jìn)步很快,不久就開(kāi)始用英語(yǔ)寫文章。(不可數(shù)名詞)
They are such interesting books that we all want to read them. 這些書是那么有趣以至于我們都想讀一讀。(復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞)
③如果不可數(shù)名詞或復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前有many,much,little,few修飾時(shí),則用so…that。如:
I've had so many falls that I'm black and blue all over. 我摔了好多次跤,全身青一塊紫一塊的。(復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞)
George had so little money thathe had to get a job.喬治沒(méi)有錢,所以他不得不找工作干。(不可數(shù)名詞)
They are such little children that they can't do anything.他們是小孩,什么事情都干不了。
(5)如何判斷so that引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句與結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句?下面的方法可幫助你解決問(wèn)題。
①當(dāng)表達(dá)的含義是“為了”、“以便”時(shí),為目的狀語(yǔ)從句;當(dāng)表達(dá)的是“以至于”、“因此”含義時(shí),為結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。例如:
If you do know, answer in a loud enough voice so that all the class may hear.(目的狀語(yǔ)從句)
如果你的確知道,應(yīng)大聲回答,以便讓全班學(xué)生都可以聽(tīng)見(jiàn)。
It rained hard the day before yesterday,so that she had to stay at home.(結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句)
前天雨下得很大,因此她只好呆在家里。
②當(dāng)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can,could,may,might等時(shí),是目的狀語(yǔ)從句;當(dāng)從句里沒(méi)有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,且謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)(過(guò)去時(shí))、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)等時(shí)態(tài)時(shí),是結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。例如:
We stopped at Salt Lake City so that we could (might)visit the monument to seagulls. (目的狀語(yǔ)從句)我們?cè)邴}湖城逗留,以便可以參觀為海鷗修的紀(jì)念碑。
They have walked a long way,so that they are all tired. (結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句)
他們走了很長(zhǎng)的路,所以都很累。
③當(dāng)從句之前的so that可用in order that代替時(shí),是目的狀語(yǔ)從句;反之,是結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。例如:
We now study hard so that we may work well in the future.(=We now study hard in order that we may work future.(目的狀語(yǔ)從句)
我們現(xiàn)在努力學(xué)習(xí)是為了將來(lái)更好地工作。
④當(dāng)so that之前有逗號(hào)時(shí),是結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句;反之,是目的狀語(yǔ)從句。例如:
The novel is very interesting, so that I like it very much.(結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句)
這部小說(shuō)很有趣,因而我非常喜歡。
7. 比較狀語(yǔ)從句
常由as;as…as;no so as;the+比較級(jí)等引導(dǎo)。例如:
She is as beautiful as her mother.
她和她媽媽一樣美。
You must do as your father told you to do.
你必須按照你父親說(shuō)的去做。
You are not so strong as you look.
你并不像看上去那么強(qiáng)壯。
Tom runs as fast as I.
湯姆和我跑得一樣快。
The harder you work,the more successful you'll be.
你越努力工作,你將越能成功。
8. 讓步狀語(yǔ)從句
常由although, though, even if, however, whatever, no matter who等引導(dǎo)。例如:
Although he was weak, he kept on taking exercise.盡管他身體很虛弱,他仍堅(jiān)持鍛煉。
He knows two foreign languages though he is only twelve years old.
盡管他只有十二歲,他懂兩門外語(yǔ)。
Whatever he says, I'll listen.
不論他說(shuō)什么,我都會(huì)聽(tīng)著。
Whoever will come, we're sure to welcome warmly. 無(wú)論誰(shuí)來(lái),我們一定熱烈歡迎。
注意
使用了though或although時(shí),主句不能使用but,但可以使用yet。
誤:Although I am tired, but I will go on.
正:Although I am tired, I will go on.
正:I am tired,but I will go on
9. 賓語(yǔ)從句(主句+連詞+賓語(yǔ)從句)
連接賓語(yǔ)從句常用的連詞有that,if(是否), whether,who,whom,whose,what,which,when, where,how,why,whoever,whomever,whenever, wherever等。
(1)陳述句充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句,用that引導(dǎo),that可以省略。例如:
He said (that) he could help us.
他說(shuō)他能夠幫助我們。
My uncle said (that) he would come back soon. 我叔叔說(shuō)不久他要回來(lái)。
I remember (that) she has given you much help. 我記得她曾給過(guò)你很大幫助。
Tom told me (that) he would leave for Japan.
湯姆告訴我他將去日本。
(2)一般疑問(wèn)句充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句,用if或whether來(lái)連接,但要改為陳述句的語(yǔ)序。例如:
He asked me if I could speak English.
他問(wèn)我是否會(huì)說(shuō)英語(yǔ)。
Li Ling asked her friend whether she could find a job here.
李玲問(wèn)她的朋友是否能在這兒找到一份工作。
I asked her if she had finished her work.
我問(wèn)她是否已完成工作了。
Mei Mei asked me whether I had passed the exam.
梅梅問(wèn)我是否考試及格了。
注意
whether和if都帶有“是否”的含義,都可以引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。一般情況下,if和whether可互換使用。比如:
I don't know if(或whether) she will be able to come.我不知道她是否能來(lái)。
但在以下情況下多用whether:
①介詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句
I'm thinking about whether I have made another mistake.
我正在考慮我是不是又錯(cuò)了。
②賓語(yǔ)從句提前時(shí)
Whether they can come here on time, we don't know.
他們能否按時(shí)來(lái)這兒,我們不知道。
③與or not連用(即whether后面緊跟or not)時(shí)
Whether or not it rains,he's going to Beijing tomorrow.
不管下不下雨,他明天都要去北京。
④與不定式連用時(shí)
I really don't know whether to accept or refuse.我真的不知道是接受還是拒絕。
⑤動(dòng)詞discuss, wonder之后
We discussed whether we should have the meeting right away.
我們討論了要不要馬上舉行會(huì)議。
另外,if可以作“如果”講,引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句,而whether則沒(méi)有這種用法。例如:
You will succed if you work hard.
如果你努力工作,你會(huì)成功的。
(3)特殊疑問(wèn)句充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ),保留原來(lái)的疑問(wèn)詞及疑問(wèn)副詞,語(yǔ)序必須是陳述句的語(yǔ)序。例如:
Do you know whose bike it is?
你知道這是誰(shuí)的自行車嗎?
May I ask you where they lived?
我可以問(wèn)你他們住在哪里嗎?
Do you remember what he said at the meeting? 你還記得他在會(huì)議上說(shuō)的話嗎?
I don't know which bus I should take.
我不知道應(yīng)該乘哪一路公共汽車。
(4)賓語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)注意以下三個(gè)問(wèn)題。
①主句與從句的時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)一致。
如果主句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),從句可以選用任何一個(gè)時(shí)態(tài);如果主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般過(guò)去時(shí),則從句必須選用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)的一種。例如:
He told me he had left for New York.
他告訴我他已去了紐約。
He is sure that she will change a job.
他肯定她會(huì)換一個(gè)工作。
②否定轉(zhuǎn)移。
當(dāng)主句的主語(yǔ)為第一人稱,動(dòng)詞為think, believe等時(shí),如從句是否定句,該否定形式常要轉(zhuǎn)移到主句中。例如:
I don't think it is going to rain.
我認(rèn)為不會(huì)下雨。
③“兩副面孔”。
if和when既能引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句,又能連接賓語(yǔ)從句。因此,碰到此類情況要認(rèn)清一種形式的“兩副面孔”,從而具體情況具體對(duì)待。例如:
I don't know when/if he will come tomorrow.
我不知道他明天什么時(shí)候/是否來(lái)。
If/When he comes, I'll tell him about it.
如果/當(dāng)他來(lái)(時(shí)),我會(huì)把那件事告訴他的。
10. 定語(yǔ)從句
定語(yǔ)從句是一種形容詞性從句,它由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo),修飾位于它前面的名詞或名詞短語(yǔ)的中心詞即先行詞。
1)關(guān)系代詞及關(guān)系副詞
一般來(lái)講,修飾人用who,whom,whose,that;修飾物用that或which。who,whom,whose,that這些詞在定語(yǔ)從句中所起的作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞;在定語(yǔ)從句中who/that/which可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等, whose作定語(yǔ),whom只能作賓語(yǔ),它們是聯(lián)系先行詞和定語(yǔ)從句的紐帶,故稱這些詞為關(guān)系代詞,關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)常常省略。在定語(yǔ)從句中起狀語(yǔ)作用的詞有when,where,why等,它們也是聯(lián)系定語(yǔ)從句與中心詞的紐帶,它們本身為副詞,所以稱之為關(guān)系副詞。例如:
He is a person whois friendly to others.
先行詞關(guān)系代詞(定語(yǔ)從句)
(who在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ),不能省略)
他是一個(gè)對(duì)他人友好的人。
That is the building where my uncle works.
先行詞 關(guān)系副詞(定語(yǔ)從句)
2)只用that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
(1)先行詞是不定代詞all,everything,nothing, anything,much,little,few等時(shí)。例如:
Is there anything that you want to know?
你們還有想知道的事情嗎?
All that needs to be done has to be done.
所有應(yīng)做的事情不得不被做。
(2)先行詞被all,every,any,no,little,much修飾時(shí)。例如:
These are all books that are written by Lu Xun.這些書全是魯迅寫的。
There's little work that is needed to be done today.今天需要做的事情幾乎沒(méi)多少。
(3)先行詞被序數(shù)詞及形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。例如:
That is the best sport(that) the old people enjoy.那是老年人最喜愛(ài)的運(yùn)動(dòng)。
This is the first lesson(that) the students have learned.這是學(xué)生們已學(xué)過(guò)的第一課。
(4)先行詞被the only,the very,the last,the same修飾時(shí)。例如:
You are the only friend that call help me at any time.
你是惟一一個(gè)能在任何時(shí)候幫我的朋友。
This was the last letter that I heard from him.
這是我收到的他的最后一封信。
(5)當(dāng)有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上分別表示人或物的先行詞時(shí)。例如:
The children were talking about the person and the places (that) they had seen.
孩子們正在談?wù)撝麄円?jiàn)過(guò)的人和地方。
The people and the things that the old man met can be remembered in his mind.
這位老人能記住遇到過(guò)的人或事。
(6)關(guān)系詞作賓語(yǔ)從句的表語(yǔ)時(shí)。例如:
The village is no longer the one(that) it used to be. 這個(gè)村莊已不再是原來(lái)的樣子了。
This is the one (that) the waiter wants to be.
這就是這個(gè)服務(wù)員想成為的人。
(7)主句是以who,what,which開(kāi)頭的特殊疑問(wèn)句時(shí)。例如:
Who is the person that is cleaniug the window?正在擦窗子的那個(gè)人是誰(shuí)?
Whose is the car that is parking under the tree?停在樹下的那輛車是誰(shuí)的?
3)介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
這種從句中介詞的使用由以下3種方式來(lái)判定:
(1)依據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句中的動(dòng)詞所需要的某種習(xí)慣搭配來(lái)確定;
(2)依據(jù)先行詞的某種習(xí)慣搭配來(lái)確定;
(3)依據(jù)所表達(dá)的意思來(lái)確定。例如:
I have many books,most of which are written by young writers.
我有很多書,大部分都是青年作家寫的。
She'll never forget the day on which she joined the Party.
她將永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記她入黨的那一天。
He spent nearly all his money with which he he bought many books.
他把錢幾乎全用在了買書上。
4)特殊先行詞way,reason,time后的定語(yǔ)從句
This is the best time when (at which, that) you visit China. 這是你訪問(wèn)中國(guó)的最佳時(shí)間。
This is the best way that(in which) we call understand each othel.
這是我們相互理解的最佳方法。
He couldn't give the right reason why he was late.
他給不出遲到的合理的理由。
5)as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,多與the same,such連用
As we all know(As is known),he is a kind doctor.
大家都知道,他是一個(gè)善良的醫(yī)生。
This is the same weather as we met last year.
這與我們?nèi)ツ昱龅降臍夂蛞粯印?/p>
You should not let the students read such books as you read.
你不應(yīng)該讓學(xué)生們讀你讀的那些書。
6)句型the(only)one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞后的定語(yǔ)從句和one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞后的定語(yǔ)從句。
He is the only one of the class who(that)won the first prize.
他是班上惟一一個(gè)獲得一等獎(jiǎng)的人。(從句中的謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式)
Xi'an is one of the best cities which (that) are famous for its history.
西安是以歷史著稱的最好的城市之一。(從句中的謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù))