開放性作文寫作指導(dǎo)

王琴芳　張貴福

【作文呈現(xiàn)】

根據(jù)下面提供的情境，寫一篇短文，在班會(huì)上發(fā)言。注意：詞數(shù)不少于100字。

A class meeting is to be held to elect the monitor of your class. Suppose you would like to choose Wu Tong as a candidate (候選人). You will explain why you choose him as a candidate. (You have to give more than two reasons to show he is fit for the post.)

注意：1. 發(fā)言稿的開頭和結(jié)尾已給出，不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)；2. 參考詞匯：適合 / 有資格：be qualified to be ...

【寫作指導(dǎo)】

一、開放性寫作的特點(diǎn)

1． 開放性作文不同于傳統(tǒng)的作文寫作。它給出一定的材料或?qū)懽髦黝}，要求學(xué)生以此為基礎(chǔ)進(jìn)行思維和聯(lián)想，自由發(fā)揮，自由創(chuàng)作，寫出一篇合乎邏輯的短文。它不但考查學(xué)生在內(nèi)容、結(jié)構(gòu)安排、語言運(yùn)用和組織方面的能力，而且對學(xué)生的想像能力、發(fā)散思維、歸納判斷能力和思辨能力也有更高的要求。

2. 與控制性作文相比，開放性作文不僅擴(kuò)大了老師命題及學(xué)生寫作的范圍，提高了學(xué)生的興趣，而且對學(xué)生能力的考查也上升到一個(gè)更高、更新的層次。

3． 側(cè)重兩種文體：議論文寫作要求學(xué)生根據(jù)提供的材料，談自己的看法和觀點(diǎn)，做到辯證的思考，力求論點(diǎn)鮮明，論證充分。記敘文常給出一段材料，要求學(xué)生充分發(fā)揮想像，運(yùn)用邏輯推理的方法拓展原材料，沿著材料的縱、橫方向 延伸，給故事添加開頭、結(jié)尾及中間過程，形成一篇內(nèi)容完整，合乎邏輯，上下連貫的短文。

4． 一般以5種形式進(jìn)行考查：提供建議、發(fā)表評(píng)論、設(shè)計(jì)活動(dòng)、續(xù)寫或改寫。

二、開放性寫作的步驟

1． 認(rèn)真審題，把握要求，找準(zhǔn)提示語中的關(guān)鍵詞或句，進(jìn)行立意，確定中心思想。

2． 依據(jù)關(guān)鍵句，草擬提綱，梳理文章的脈絡(luò)。這樣寫起來就會(huì)條理清楚，詳略得當(dāng)。

3． 準(zhǔn)確定位人稱、時(shí)態(tài)，遣詞造句要揚(yáng)長避短。

總之，開放性寫作的思路和漢語寫作非常相似。首先要明確主題，切忌想當(dāng)然地任意發(fā)揮，而要通過認(rèn)真分析，明確要求，確定文章主題，然后根據(jù)主題構(gòu)建文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，即寫出提綱，最后在寫作過程中突出主題、層次分明。

【寫前點(diǎn)撥】

1． 立意選材

提示語中的關(guān)鍵句You will explain why you choose him as a candidate. (you have to give more than two reasons to show he is fit for the post.)，即要求給出你認(rèn)為吳桐最適合、最有資格當(dāng)班長的“reasons”。這篇文章要求發(fā)表你的建議和看法，屬于開放性議論文。論點(diǎn)：吳桐最適合、最有資格當(dāng)班長。論據(jù)是你要發(fā)揮的材料。寫作者應(yīng)圍繞“he is fit for the post”展開，用論據(jù)“reasons”來論證觀點(diǎn)。確定你要寫的材料“more than two reasons”。人稱為第三人稱，時(shí)態(tài)以現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)為主，具體敘述“reasons”時(shí)，可使用過去時(shí)態(tài)。

2． 布局謀篇

此篇文章的格式為發(fā)言稿（已給出），體裁為議論文。首先可直接點(diǎn)出論點(diǎn)，接著在第二段開始論證，最后可重申主題，前后呼應(yīng)。注意要有具體事例，敘述和論證必須結(jié)合。

3． 過渡自然

注意選好過渡詞匯，以使過渡自然，層次清楚，主次分明。

【學(xué)生習(xí)作】

Boys and girls, I would like to choose Wu Tong as a candidate.

Everybody knows Wu Tong is the best student in our class. At first①, he is hard working and intelligent. He does well in his lessons and gets A in all the subjects. He is also warm-hearted and helpful. Last May Yang Ming breaks② his leg in a basketball match and has③ to stay at home for a month. It was Wu Tong who offered to help him with his lessons every day. As a result, Yang Ming got A in all his subjects in the final exam. Besides, Wu Tong always takes an active part in all kinds of school activities, such as donating money to the children in the poor area, helping the old and disabled, various games in the school and so on.

Generally speaking, I think Wu Tong is the④ most qualified to be our monitor.

Thats all. Thank you.

【習(xí)作點(diǎn)評(píng)】

1． 本篇文章結(jié)構(gòu)安排合理，層次清楚，論據(jù)充分，論證有力。

2． 文中出現(xiàn)了一些高級(jí)詞匯及復(fù)雜句型，如強(qiáng)調(diào)句等，另外恰當(dāng)?shù)某薪釉~的使用也是文章的亮點(diǎn)。

3． 文章也有一些語法錯(cuò)誤及需要改動(dòng)的地方。

【及時(shí)糾錯(cuò)】

① At first應(yīng)改為First of all或firstly。這里表示的是順序，而不是時(shí)間的先后，at first表示時(shí)間的開始 / 起初。② breaks和has應(yīng)改為broke和had。這是列舉具體事件的例子，是Last May發(fā)生的事，所以是兩個(gè)一般過去時(shí)態(tài)的并列謂語。

【錦上添花】

Everybody knows Wu Tong is ...可改為As everybody knows, Wu Tong is ... 。在議論文中文章開始常用這個(gè)非限制性定語從句，它能使文章顯得很有氣勢。

三、實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練

孔子學(xué)院在全球開設(shè)的速度, 引發(fā)了世人的驚嘆。在不到兩年的時(shí)間里，全球新增100多所孔子學(xué)院，遍布在50多個(gè)國家和地區(qū)。到2010年，全球?qū)⒔ǔ?00所孔子學(xué)院。請你根據(jù)該事實(shí)，用英語寫一篇文章，給中國日報(bào)投稿，闡述你對此事的看法。

注意：1． 字?jǐn)?shù)：120左右。2． 生詞：普及漢語 popularize Mandarin 漢語熱：a craze for learning Chinese 孔子學(xué)院： Confucius Institute

One possible version:

Lately, the rate of newly-founded Confucius Institutes worldwide has brought a pleasant surprise, which fully indicates popularizing Mandrin is unavoidable. In the past two years, over 100 new Institutes have been set up, distributed over more than 50 countries and districts. It is estimated that the number will reach up to 500 by 2010.

Personally, it is a great honor for us Chinese to have such a craze. The main reason lies in our rapid growth in economy and comprehensive national power. Secondly, it results from the fact that more and more Chinese are working overseas and they take our splendid culture with them. It is also one of the major measures for China to transform from a big nation to a power. As we know, if a country intends to be a super power, the popularization of its official language comes first.

最近，教育部規(guī)定，在中小學(xué)增加京劇為必修內(nèi)容，對此大家反應(yīng)不一，學(xué)校英語雜志社組織了一次征文活動(dòng)。請你用英語寫一篇應(yīng)征稿件，并表達(dá)自己的看法。

注意：字?jǐn)?shù)150左右。文章的開頭已給出，不記入總詞數(shù)。

One possible version:

Recently, Ministry of Education has announced to add Peking Opera as a compulsory course in primary and secondary schools. Different people have different opinions on it. Some students support the project wholeheartedly. They think Peking Opera can help promote Chinese culture because it has a long history and is rich in traditional culture. Besides, Peking Opera is a synthesis of different arts and has an elegant form of expression, which can help develop students aesthetic ability.

However, others think students should have some freedom to choose what to learn. If they are forced to learn, their learning interest can be damaged. They also argue that there are many local operas all over China. Different local operas can be taught in different areas to pass down Chinese traditional culture.

I share the view of the second group. Besides their reasons, I also worry whether there are enough qualified teachers for the task. In addition, we have so many traditional arts in history that its impossible to learn them all in classrooms.